|
| Study (reference number) | Participants* | Baseline age (years) (mean ± SD or range) | Country and SES/race (if reported) | Degree of overweight for inclusion and comorbidities | Intervention length and setting | Intervention components | Body composition measure |
|
| [27] | 19 women | 43.2 ± 9.1 | US: white, Hispanic, black | ≥15 kg above ideal MetLife table weight,
no comorbidities | 16 week intervention, 1 year follow-up, university clinical research center | 1200 cal/day, structured aerobic PA: 3x 45 min step aerobics classes/week | DEXA |
|
| [28] | 111 women | 35 ± 11.2 (19–50) | Cyprus | BMI >25, no comorbidities | 18-week intervention plus 18-week follow-up, university clinical research center | 1,500 ± 200 cal/day (50% carb, 30% fat, 20% protein) mod intensity PA 30–60 min/day; behavioral modification consult 1x/week | BIA |
|
| [29] | 32 men and women | 37.6 ± 4.4 (30–45) | Australia | BMI 27–32, no comorbidities | 32 weeks, university clinical research center | Diet and PA general advice, cal counting resources, heart rate monitor, personalized goals | DEXA |
|
| [30] | 44 women | 54.7 ± 7.9 (postmenopausal) | US | BMI >30,
postmenopausal, no comorbidities | 24 weeks, university clinical research center | LEARN program: lifestyle nutrition, PA skills, weekly coaching, self-control training | BIA |
|
| [31] (aerobic treatment arm) | 46 women | 35.2 ± 7 | US: white and black | BMI 27–30, no comorbidities | Hospital inpatient and outpatient; intervention until BMI <25: ~5.5 mo. | 800 cal/day (meals provided), 40 min aerobic PA 3x/week | DEXA |
|
| [32] | 105 men and women | 44.9 ± 10.2 (18–65) | US: white and black | BMI 30–40, no comorbidities | 2 years, multisite: university clinical research center/academic medical centers | 1200–1500 cal/day (women), 1500–1800 cal/day (men), 20–50 min PA/walking 4x/week, behavioral counseling 1x/week | DEXA |
|
| [33] (aerobic treatment arm) | 20 men and women | 36 ± 7 (19–48) | US | Body weight >20% above “desired amount,” no comorbidities | 8 weeks, university hospital GCRC | Liquid-formula diet: 1286 ± 281 cal/day, 30 min cycling (arms and legs) 3x/week, weekly nutrition counseling | Underwater weighing, BIA, and bi-/triceps skinfold |
|
| [34] | 43 men and women | 43 ± 12 | Switzerland | BMI >30, no comorbidities | 6 weeks, hospital inpatient | 1000 cal/day low carb (15%) or moderate carb (45%), 1 h aerobic PA and 1 h underwater PA/day, nutrition education, “standard behavioral techniques” | BIA and triceps skinfold thickness |
|
| [35] | 6 women | 33 ± 8 | US | >30% body fat, no comorbidities | 16 weeks, university clinical research center | 800 cal/day (low-fat diet), about 3 miles brisk walking/jogging 5 d/week, weekly diet education classes | Underwater weighing and triceps skinfold thickness |
|
| [36] | 12 men and women | 36 ± 6 (28–45) | US: mostly white | BMI 25–30, no comorbidities | 24 weeks, university clinical research center | 12.5% cal restriction (all food provided), 12.5% increase in energy expenditure structured PA (45–50 min cardio 5x/wk), weekly CBT group | DEXA |
|
| [37] | 5 women | 35 ± 4 | US | 37–50% body fat, no comorbidities | 6 weeks, university hospital inpatient | 800 cal/day (all food provided), about 4 miles daily walking | Underwater weighing |
|
| [38] | 18 women | 35 ± 7 | US | 130–160% “ideal body weight,” no comorbidities | 12 weeks, university clinical research center | 1200 cal/day constant or rotating 600–1800 cal/day, 5 d/week walking, behavior modification program | Underwater weighing |
|
| [39] | 81 women | 28 ± 1 (19–45) | Canada: multiracial (white, Indian, Asian primarily) | BMI 27–40, no comorbidities | 16 weeks, university clinical research center | Individual weight maintenance cal level −500 cal/day (varying dairy levels), 5 d/week supervised aerobic PA (to burn 250 cal), 2 d/week strength training | DEXA |
|
| [40] | 10 women | 39.3 ± 5.4 (25–50) | The Netherlands | BMI >30, no comorbidities | 8 weeks, no location noted | Diet: 3.5 mJ/day plus 1.4 mJ/day formula, 90 min each aerobics, fitness/strength 2 d/week | Underwater weighing |
|
| [41] | 126 women | 38.5 ± 8.5 | US | BMI ≥30, no comorbidities | 14 weeks, university clinical research center | 1200 cal/day f/both: very low carb, high protein (63 : 7 : 30%), low carb, moderate protein (50 : 20 : 30%), high carb, low protein (55 : 15 : 30%), curves fitness program: 30 min circuit (strength and aero.) 3 d/week | DEXA |
|
| [42] | 118 women | 38.7 ± 7.5 | US | BMI ≥30, no comorbidities | 14 weeks, university clinical research center | 1200 cal/day (phase 1) then 1600 cal (phase 2) diets varying macronutrients (carb/protein), curves fitness program: 30 min circuit (strength and aero.) 3 d/week | DEXA |
|
| [43] | 34 men and women | 18+ | Ireland | BMI ≥28, any comorbidities except eye diseases and pregnancy | 12 months, no location noted | 1500 cal/day (women), 1800 cal/day (men) low-fat, 1 h/day PA classes, 1x/month motivational seminars | DEXA |
|
| [44] (diet + aerobic ex.) | 9 women | Premenopausal (exact ages unknown) | US | >120% above MetLife table ideal weight or BMI ≥27, no comorbidities | 12 weeks, university clinical research center | Matola food products provided, 30–50 min aerobic PA 3x/wk at 70–80% max HR, 1 h/wk group education | Underwater weighing |
|
| [44] (diet + aerobic + strength) | 8 women | Same as above | Same as above | Same as above | Same as above | Diet and aerobic PA as above, plus 3x/week strength circuit | Same as above |
|
| [45] | 90 women | 18–55 | US | BMI 27–40, no comorbidities | 10 weeks, university clinical research center | Week 1: 1200 cal/day, weeks 2–10: 1600 cal/day, curves supervised PA program: 30 min circuit 3 days/week, met w/RD every 2 weeks | BIA |
|
| [46] | 24 women | 47.2 ± 1.3 (40–56) | US | BMI ≥26, no comorbidities | 16 weeks, no location noted | Low (15%) or high (30%), pro: carb ratio, both: 1700 cal/day, ≥5 d/week walking, 2 d/week strength training, weekly nutritionist counsel. | DEXA |
|
| [47] | 40 men and women | 41 ± 7.7 | US | Body fat ≥25% (men), 30% (wom), no comorbidities | 12 weeks, university clinical research center | OPTIFAST: 420 cal/day, walking (60% HR) 3x/week to reduce 300 cal | BIA |
|
| [48] | 22 men and women | 43.0 ± 5.3 (29–50) | US | BMI 27–35, no comorbidities | 24 weeks, independent outpatient clinical research center | 500 cal deficit diet (meal replacements of 25–40% cals, plus supplemental foods), plus walking ≥5 d/week moderate intensity (300–500 cal), RD, PA couns. 1x/week | Air displacement plethysmography |
|
| [49] | 100 women | 20–65 | Australia | BMI 27–40, no comorbidities | 12 weeks, hospital outpatient GCRC | Food provided: 5600 kJ/day high protein (34%) or high carb (64%), ≥3x 30 min PA/week, nutritionist 1x/mo. | DEXA |
|
| [50] | 10 women | 38 ± 4.5 (21–47) | US | 140%–180% weight f/height based on MetLife tables and body fat ≥35%, no comorbidities | 12 weeks, university clinical research center | 75% individuals’ RMR: low-fat or low-carb diets, 45 min aerobic PA (60–60% max HR) 3x/week, nutrition and education meetings 1x/week | Doubly labeled water and appropriate calculations |
|
| [51] | 48 women | 53.8 ± 2.5 (postmenopausal) | Denmark | BMI ≥25, no comorbidities | 12 weeks, university clinical research center | Up to 10 260 kJ portions of formula diet, small food supplementation, 1–1.5 h each aerobic and strength PA 3x/week | DEXA |
|
| [52] | 20 men | 25–50 | The Netherlands | BMI ≥30, no comorbidities noted | 12 weeks, outpatient site (no details noted) | Very low cal protein-enriched formula diet (Modifast): around 5 mJ/day), 1 hour low-intensity aerobic PA (40% HR) 4x/week, weekly meetings w/nutrition and exercise pros | underwater weighing |
|
| [53] | 20 men and women | 44.7 ± 13.0 | Belgium | BMI 25–40, no comorbidities | 24 week intervention + 24 week observation, outpatient hospital | 600 cal deficit, 1 hour aerobic and strength training 2x/week, biweekly dietician | BIA |
|
| [54] | 34 men and women | 45.6 ± 9.0 (18–65) | US: mostly white, minority black | BMI 30–60, elevated lipids, no other comorbidities | 24 weeks, outpatient clinical research center | Low-fat diet: 500–1000 cal/day deficit, ≥30 min aerobic PA 3 d/week, biweekly nutritionist meetings | BIA and DEXA (on a subset) |
|
