Modulation of Metabolic Detoxification Pathways Using Foods and Food-Derived Components: A Scientific Review with Clinical Application

Table 1

(a) Human and in vivo example nutrient inducers of CYP1 enzymes. (b) Human and in vivo example nutrient inhibitors of CYP1 enzymes.

(a)

Enzyme	Food, beverage, or bioactive compounds; Food sources in italics	Type of study	Dosages used and references
	Cruciferous vegetables	Clinical	500 mg/d indole-3-carbinol [23]
	Resveratrol; Grapes, wine, peanuts, soy, and itadori tea [32]	Clinical	1 g/d resveratrol [28]: note high dose used
	Green tea	In vivo	45 mL/d/rat (avg. 150 g animal weight) green tea [33]
	Black tea	In vivo	54 mL/d/rat (avg. 150 g animal weight) black tea [33]
CYP1A1	Curcumin; Turmeric, curry powder [34]	In vivo	1,000 mg/kg/d/rat curcumin [35], or about 150 mg per rat per day
	Soybean	In vivo	100 mg/kg soybean extract [7]
	Garlic	In vivo	30 to 200 mg/kg garlic oil [36]
	Fish oil	In vivo	20.5 g/kg fish oil [36]: note high dose used
	Rosemary	In vivo	Diet of 0.5% rosemary extract [37]
	Astaxanthin; Algae, yeast, salmon, trout, krill, shrimp, and crayfish [38]	In vivo	Diets of 0.001–0.03% astaxanthin for 15 days [39]
	Cruciferous vegetables	Clinical	7–14 g/kg cruciferous vegetables including frozen broccoli and cauliflower, fresh daikon radish sprouts and raw shredded cabbage, and red and green [24]; 500 g/d broccoli [4]; 250 g/d each of Brussel sprouts and broccoli [25]; 500 g/d broccoli [26]
CYP1A2	Green tea	In vivo	45 mL/d/rat (avg. 150 g animal weight) green tea [33]; Green tea (2.5% w/v) as sole beverage [40]
	Black tea	In vivo	54 mL/d/rat (avg. 150 g animal weight) black tea [33]
	Chicory root	In vivo	Diet of 10% dried chicory root [41]
	Astaxanthin; Algae, yeast, salmon, trout, krill, shrimp, and crayfish [38]	In vivo	Diets of 0.001–0.03% astaxanthin for 15 days [39]
CYP1B1	Curcumin; Turmeric, curry powder [34]	In vivo	Diet of 0.1% curcumin [35]
	Cruciferous vegtables	In vivo	25–250 mg/kg indole-3-carbinol [27]

(b)

Enzyme	Food, beverage, or bioactive compounds; Food sources in italics	Type of study	Dosages used and references
	Black raspberry	In vivo	Diet of 2.5% black raspberry [6]
	Blueberry	In vivo	Diet of 2.5% blueberry [6]
CYP1A1	Ellagic acid; Berries, pomegranate, grapes, walnuts, and blackcurrants [42]	In vivo	30 mg/kg/d ellagic acid [43]; 400 ppm ellagic acid [6]
	Black soybean	In vivo	1 g/kg black soybean seed coat extract [44]: note high dose used
	Black tea	In vivo	20 mg/kg theaflavins [45]
	Turmeric	In vivo	Diet of 1% turmeric [46]
	Apiaceous vegetables	Clinical	4 g/kg apiaceous vegetables, including frozen carrots and fresh celery, dill, parsley, and parsnips [24]
	Quercetin; Apple, apricot, blueberries, yellow onion, kale, alfalfa sprouts, green beans, broccoli, black tea, and chili powder; [47, 48]	Clinical	500 mg/d quercetin [29]
CYP1A2	Daidzein; Soybean [49]	Clinical	200 mg twice daily dosing of daidzein [49]
	Grapefruit	Clinical	300 mL grapefruit juice [50]
	Kale	In vivo	2 g/kg/d kale, as freeze-dried kale drink; [51]
	Garlic	In vivo	100 mg/kg garlic oil [52]
	Chamomile	In vivo	Free access to 2% chamomile tea solution [53]
	Peppermint	In vivo	Free access to 2% peppermint tea solution [53]
	Dandelion	In vivo	Free access to 2% dandelion tea solution [53]
	Turmeric	In vivo	Diet of 1% turmeric [46]