Modulation of Metabolic Detoxification Pathways Using Foods and Food-Derived Components: A Scientific Review with Clinical Application

Table 10

(a) In vivo example nutrient inducers of the Nrf2 pathway. (b) In vivo example nutrient inhibitors of the Nrf2 pathway.

(a)

Enzyme	Food, beverage, or bioactive compounds; Food sources in italics	Type of study	Dosages used and references
	Fish oil	Clinical	3 × 1 g/d fish oil containing 1098 mg EPA and 549 mg DHA [181]
	Lycopene; Tomatoes, rose hips, guava, watermelon, and papaya  [111]	Clinical	2 × 15 mg/d lycopene [181]
	Curcumin; Turmeric, curry powder  [34]	In vivo	200 mg/kg/d curcumin [155]; 75 mg/kg/d curcumin [156]; 50 mg/kg/d curcumin [157]; 200 mg/kg/d curcumin [158]
	Cruciferous vegetables	In vivo	0.5 mg/kg/d sulforaphane [159]; Diet of 15% crushed broccoli seed [160]
	Garlic	In vivo	50 and 100 mg/kg/d diallyl disulfide [161]; 250 mg/kg/d raw garlic [162]; 25 mg/kg S-allyl cysteine [163]
	Catechins; Tea (especially green tea), cocoa, legumes, and grapes  [182]	In vivo	5, 15, and 45 mg/kg epicatechin [164]; 15 mg/kg epicatechin [165]; 20 mg/kg Theaphenon E (95% EGCG); [166]; 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg epicatechin [167]
	Resveratrol; Grapes, wine, peanuts, soy, and itadori tea  [32]	In vivo	10 mg/kg/d [168]; 20 mg/kg/d [169]
Nrf2	Ginger	In vivo	100 mg/kg/d 6-shogaol [170]; 10 and 100 mg/kg dried ginger extract [171]
	Purple sweet potato	In vivo	100 and 200 mg/kg anthocyanin extract from purple sweet potato [118]
	Isoflavones; Soy, kudzu root, and red clover  [183]	In vivo	80 mg/kg/d soy isoflavones [172]; 60 and 120 mg/kg puerarin from kudzu root [173]
	Coffee	In vivo	2.0 mL/d coffee to an average animal weight of 200 g ± 10 g [174]
	Rosemary	In vivo	50 and 100 mg/kg carnosic acid [175]; 5 mg/animal carnosol extract [176]
	Blueberry	In vivo	200 mg/kg blueberry [166]; 0.6 and 10 g/day [177]
	Pomegranate	In vivo	1 and 10 g/kg pomegranate extract [178]: note high doses used
	Naringenin; Citrus  [179]	In vivo	50 mg/kg/d naringenin [179]
	Ellagic acid; Berries, pomegranate, grapes, walnuts, and blackcurrants  [42]	In vivo	Diet of 0.4% ellagic acid [166]
	Asthaxanthin; Algae, yeast, salmon, trout, krill, shrimp, and crayfish  [38]	In vivo	15 mg/kg astaxanthin [166]
	-tocopherol; Nuts, seeds, whole grains, vegetable oils, and legumes  [111]	In vivo	20.8 mg/kg -tocopherol [180]

(b)

Enzyme	Food, beverage, or bioactive compounds	Type of study	Dosages used and references
Nrf2	Luteolin	In vivo	40 mg/kg luteolin three times per week; [184]
	Quercetin	In vivo	50 mg/kg/d quercetin [185]