Relationships between Wasting and Stunting and Their Concurrent Occurrence in Ghanaian Preschool Children
Table 6
Logistic regressions predicting odds of stunting and wastingamongchildren aged 0–59 months.
Variable
Stunting
Wasting
COR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
COR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
Gender
Male
Reference
Not significant in the final model
Reference
Not significant in the final model
Female
0.79 (0.65, 0.96)
1.13 (0.79, 1.60)
Birth weight
≥2.5 kg
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
<2.5 kg
2.51 (1.75, 3.62)
2.68 (1.67, 4.31)
2.17 (1.20, 3.92)
2.00 (1.10, 3.64)
Frequency of ANC attendance
Not significant in the final model
≥4
Reference
Reference
Reference
0–3
2.75 (1.29, 2.37)
2.84 (1.63, 4.95)
1.46 (0.89, 2.38)
Maternal education
Not significant in the final model
Not significant in the final model
Higher
Reference
Reference
No education
6.38 (2.56, 15.87)
3.00 (0.72, 12.46)
Primary
4.60 (1.83, 11.58)
2.15 (0.50, 9.24)
Secondary
2.82 (1.13, 7.06)
2.11 (0.50, 8.81)
Household wealth index
Richest
Reference
Reference
Poorest
4.04 (2.62, 6.25)
2.36 (1.29, 4.30)
2.25 (1.17, 4.33)
2.33 (1.12, 4.87)
Poorer
3.82 (2.43, 5.9)
1.78 (0.94, 3.38)
1.34 (0.65, 2.77)
1.67 (0.72, 3.86)
Middle
2.488 (1.56, 3.98)
1.61 (0.86, 3.03)
0.76 (0.34, 1.73)
0.68 (0.26, 1.76)
Richer
2.085 (1.27, 3.42)
1.79 (0.95, 3.37)
1.62 (0.77, 3.41)
1.40 (0.61, 3.21)
Child is wasted?
No
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Yes
1.81 (1.23, 2.66)
2.00 (1.04, 3.88)
Not applicable
Not applicable
Parity
Not significant in the final model
1-2
0.56 (0.44, 0.71)
0.47 (0.31, 0.74)
0.91 (0.59, 1.40)
3-4
0.74 (0.59, 0.93)
0.67 (0.43, 1.74)
1.09 (0.71, 1.68)
>4
Reference
Maternal height (cm)
Not significant in the final model
At least 160
Reference
Reference
<145
5.66 (2.54, 12.61)
4.88 (1.15, 20.65)
1.64 (0.38, 7.12)
145–149
3.75 (2.56, 5.49)
3.18 (1.54, 6.56)
1.02 (0.46, 2.27)
150–154
2.02 (1.54, 2.64)
1.81 (1.10, 2.95)
0.75 (0.43, 1.30)
155–159
1.50 (1.19, 1.89)
1.70 (1.14, 2.54)
1.02 (0.69, 1.51)
Age of child (months)
0–5
Reference
Reference
6–11
1.39 (0.75, 2.56)
1.84 (0.72, 4.73)
1.14 (0.66, 1.94)
0.89 (0.44, 1.80)
12–23
3.57 (2.17, 5.87)
4.58 (2.0, 10.50)
0.70 (0.43, 1.16)
0.70 (0.37, 1.33)
24–35
6.12 (3.75, 9.97)
9.76 (4.29, 22.22)
0.35 (0.19, 0.63)
0.35 (0.17, 0.75)
36–47
4.45 (2.71, 7.32)
4.92 (2.01, 12.06)
0.16 (0.07, 0.35)
0.07 (0.02, 0.31)
48–59
2.99 (1.79, 4.98)
3.25 (2.17, 5.87)
0.16 (0.07, 0.36)
0.10 (0.02, 0.42)
Type of place of residence
Not significant in the final model
Urban
Reference
Reference
Rural
1.74 (1.41, 2.13)
1.43 (0.98, 2.07)
1.62 (1.01, 2.58)
Toilet facility
Not significant in the final model
Not significant in the final model
No facility
Reference
Reference
Flush
0.41 (0.29, 0.60)
0.75 (0.42, 1.33)
Pit latrine
0.70 (0.57, 0.86)
0.65 (0.45, 0.95)
Under 5 in household
Not significant in the final model
Not significant in the final model
0-1
Reference
Reference
2-3
1.27 (1.04, 1.55)
1.10 (0.7, 1.59)
≥4
2.55 (1.65, 3.94)
1.76 (0.81, 3.81)
Significant at ; significant at ; and significant at . AOR (95% CI): adjusted odds ratio at 95% confidence level. COR (95% CI): crude/unadjusted odds ratio at 95% confidence level.
