Dietary Strategies and Novel Pharmaceutical Approaches Targeting Serum ApoA-I Metabolism: A Systematic Overview

Table 1

Effect of alcohol consumption on apoA-I concentrations, HDL functionality, and apoA-I kinetics.

First author, year	Food component/product	Study design and duration	Participants	Intake	Effects
Brien et al. (2011) [33]	Alcohol	Meta-analysis of; 16 studies till 2009; (i) RCT with 2 arms; (ii) before versus after; >1 week	374 subjects	Women > 15 g/day; Men > 30 g/day	(i) 10.1 mg/dL (95% CI 7.3–12.9) in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations
Lavy et al. (1994) [37]	Red versus white wine	RCT parallel; 2 weeks	20 healthy men	44 g alcohol/day	(i) 12.0% in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations comparing red wine with white wine
van der Gaag et al. (1999) [35]	Red wine versus beer versus Dutch gin versus water	RCT crossover; 3 weeks	11 healthy men	40 g alcohol/day from red wine, beer, or Dutch gin	(i) 8.2% in fasting serum apoA-I concentrations comparing alcohol with; (ii) 9.2% in postprandial serum apoA-I concentrations comparing alcohol with; (iii) No differences between the different beverages
van der Gaag et al. (2001) [36]	Red wine versus beer versus Dutch gin versus water	RCT crossover; 3 weeks	11 healthy men	40 g alcohol/day from red wine, beer, or Dutch gin	(i) 10% in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations comparing alcohol with; (ii) 6.2% in cholesterol efflux comparing alcohol with; (iii) No differences between the different beverages
Beulens et al. (2004) [39]	Whisky versus water	RCT crossover; 17 days	23 healthy men	40 g alcohol/day	(i) 6.2% in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations; (ii) 17.5% in cholesterol efflux
Kralova Lesna et al. (2009) [40]	Beer versus nonalcoholic beverage	RCT crossover; 4 weeks	13 healthy men	36 g alcohol/day	(i) 7.5% in fasting plasma apoA-I; (ii) 8.0% in fasting cholesterol
Gepner et al. (2015) [38]	Red versus white wine versus water	RCT parallel; 2 years	195 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2	17 g alcohol/day	(i) 2.3% in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations comparing red wine with; (ii) No difference between white wine and water or red wine
Chiva-Blanch et al. (2013) [34]	Red wine versus dealcoholized red wine versus gin	RCT crossover; 4 weeks	67 men at high CVD risk	30 g alcohol/day	(i) 12.5% and 12.6% in fasting plasma apoA-I concentrations comparing dealcoholized red wine with red wine and gin,
Gottrand et al. (1999) [41]	Red wine versus nonalcoholic beverage	RCT; 4 weeks	5 healthy men	50 g alcohol/day	(i) 20% in plasma apoA-I pool; (ii) 10% in PR; (iii) 6% in FCR

Percentages calculated from the mean values; PR: production rate; FCR: fractional catabolic rate.