Dietary Strategies and Novel Pharmaceutical Approaches Targeting Serum ApoA-I Metabolism: A Systematic Overview

Table 3

Meta-analysis showing the effects of fatty acids on fasting apoA-I concentrations and studies showing effects of fatty acids on apoA-I kinetics.

First author, year	Food component/product	Study design and duration	Participants	Intake	Effect
Mensink (2016) [48]	Replacement of carbohydrates (carbs) for SFA, MUFA, or PUFA	Meta-analysis of; 42 studies till Dec 2013; Daily controlled RCT parallel and crossover; >13 days	Healthy subjects	1% of dietary energy	(i) 8.4 mg/dL (95% CI 6.4–10.5) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with SFA; (ii) 5.5 mg/dL (95% CI 3.7–7.3) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with MUFA; (iii) 2.3 mg/dL (95% CI 0.1–4.6) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with PUFA
Mensink (2016) [48]	Replacement of carbs for lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), or stearic acid (C18:0)	Meta-analysis of; 34 studies till Dec 2013; Daily controlled RCT parallel and crossover; >13 days	Healthy subjects	1% of dietary energy	(i) 19.2 mg/dL (95% CI 14.6–12.7) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with lauric acid; (ii) 8.8 mg/dL (95% CI 0.5–13.1) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with myristic acid; (iii) 6.5 mg/dL (95% CI 3.8–9.3) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with palmitic acid; (iv) No difference in apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with stearic acid
Brouwer (2016) [49]	Replacement of trans-fatty acids (TFA) for carbs	Meta-analysis of; 10 studies till Sep 2014; Daily controlled RCT parallel and crossover; >13 days	Healthy subjects	1% of dietary energy	(i) 3.3 mg/dL (95% CI 4.7–1.9) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with TFA; (ii) 2.6 mg/dL (95% CI 1.4–3.9) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing TFA with SFA; (iii) No difference in apoA-I concentrations replacing TFA with MUFA; (iv) 1.7 mg/dL (95% CI −2.8–−0.6) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing TFA with PUFA
Ginsberg et al. (1994) [50]	Average American diet versus PUFA enriched diet	RCT parallel; 6 weeks	21 healthy men	MUFA: 14 versus 8 energy%; PUFA: 7 versus 13 energy%	(i) No difference in apoA-I FCR
Desroches et al. (2004) [51]	Low fat diet versus high MUFA diet	RCT parallel; 6-7 weeks	18 healthy men	Fat: 25.8 versus 40.1 energy%; MUFA: 13.3 versus 22.5 energy%	(i) 31% PR after low fat compared with high MUFA diet; (ii) 22% FCR after low fat compared with high MUFA diet
Matthan et al. (2004) [52]	Soybean oil (PUFA) versus margarine (TSA) versus butter (SFA)	RCT crossover; 5 weeks	8 hypercholesterolemic women	2/3 of the total fat intake	(i) 11% FCR after margarine compared with butter; (ii) No difference in PR between the diets
Labonté et al. (2013) [53]	Carbohydrates versus MUFA	RCT parallel; 4 weeks	16 dyslipidemic subjects	13 energy%	(i) 5.6% in FCR after carbohydrate compared with MUFA consumption; (ii) No difference in PR between the diets

SFA: saturated fatty acids, MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids, TFA: trans-fatty acids, PR: production rate, and FCR: fractional catabolic rate.