Replacement of carbohydrates (carbs) for SFA, MUFA, or PUFA
Meta-analysis of 42 studies till Dec 2013 Daily controlled RCT parallel and crossover >13 days
Healthy subjects
1% of dietary energy
(i) 8.4 mg/dL (95% CI 6.4–10.5) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with SFA (ii) 5.5 mg/dL (95% CI 3.7–7.3) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with MUFA (iii) 2.3 mg/dL (95% CI 0.1–4.6) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with PUFA
Replacement of carbs for lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), or stearic acid (C18:0)
Meta-analysis of 34 studies till Dec 2013 Daily controlled RCT parallel and crossover >13 days
Healthy subjects
1% of dietary energy
(i) 19.2 mg/dL (95% CI 14.6–12.7) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with lauric acid (ii) 8.8 mg/dL (95% CI 0.5–13.1) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with myristic acid (iii) 6.5 mg/dL (95% CI 3.8–9.3) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with palmitic acid (iv) No difference in apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with stearic acid
Meta-analysis of 10 studies till Sep 2014 Daily controlled RCT parallel and crossover >13 days
Healthy subjects
1% of dietary energy
(i) 3.3 mg/dL (95% CI 4.7–1.9) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing carbs with TFA (ii) 2.6 mg/dL (95% CI 1.4–3.9) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing TFA with SFA (iii) No difference in apoA-I concentrations replacing TFA with MUFA (iv) 1.7 mg/dL (95% CI −2.8–−0.6) in fasting apoA-I concentrations replacing TFA with PUFA