Prevalence of Sarcopenic Obesity in Adults with Class II/III Obesity Using Different Diagnostic Criteria

Table 1

Variables and methods used to define sarcopenia amongst studies investigating sarcopenic obesity using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

	Reference	Study group	Method for sex-specific cut points	Females	Males
LSTI (kg/m^2)	Zoico et al., 2004 [27]	Older females (67–78 y) Italy	Lowest 2 quintiles of the distribution of young reference group (female, 20–50 y).	<5.7	NA
LST by weight × 100 (%)	Zoico et al., 2004 [27]	Older females (67–78 y); Italy	Class I: 1 SD below mean,; Class II: 2 SD below mean of young reference group (female, 20–50 y).	23.1–26.7; <23.1	NA
	Kim et al., 2009 [28]	Adults (20–88 y); Korea	2 SD below mean of young reference group derived from study group.	<30.7	<35.71
ASM (kg)	Batsis et al., 2015 [8]	Older adults (>60 y); United States	Classification and regression tree analysis of older adults (>65 y).	<15.02	<19.75
ASMI (kg/m^2)	Zoico et al., 2004 [27]	Older females (67–78 y) Italy	Class I: 1 SD below mean,; Class II: 2 SD below mean of young reference group (female, 20–50 y).	4.7–5.6; <4.7	NA
	Kim et al., 2009 [28]	Adults (20–88 y); Korea	2 SD below mean of young reference group (20–40 y).	<5.14	<7.40
	Baumgartner et al., 1998 [7]	Older adults (>64 y); United States	2 SD below mean of young reference group (18–40 y).	<5.45	<7.26
	Newman et al., 2003 [29]	Older adults (70–79 y); United States	Lowest quintile (20th percentile) of study group.	<5.67	<7.23
	Bouchard et al., 2009 [30]	Older adults (68–82 y); Canada	2 SD below mean of young reference group (20–35 y).	<6.29	<8.51
	Kim et al., 2009 [28]	Adults (20–88 y); Korea	Lowest two quintiles (40th percentile) of study group.	<7.36	<8.81
ASM by weight × 100 (%)	Levine and Crimmins, 2012 [31]	Older adults (>60 y); United States	2 SD below mean of young reference group (20–40 y).	<19.43	<25.72
	Oh et al., 2015 [32]	Older adults (>60 y); Korea	1 SD below mean of young reference group (20–39 y).	<23.4	<29.
ASM by BMI (kg/m^2)	Batsis et al., 2015 [8]	Older adults (>60 y); United States	Classification and regression tree analysis of older adults (>65 y).	<0.512	<0.789
ASM by height, FM (residuals)	Newman et al., 2003 [29]	Older adults (70–79 y); United States	Lowest quintile (20th percentile) of the distribution of residuals of study group.	<−1.73	<−2.29
ASMI and FMI; (phenotype)	Prado et al., 2014 [18]	Adults (>18 y); United States	Age, sex, and BMI-specific reference curves, by decile (>18 y).	HA-	HA-
FM : FFM ratio	Siervo et al., 2015 [33]	Adults (>18 y); United States	Age-standardized reference curves, stratified by sex and BMI, by centile (>18 y).	≥85th percentile	≥85th percentile

for variables selected for consistency and may differ from terms used by original authors; these depict the correct compartment being measured. determined from reported sex-specific mean and standard deviation in Oh et al., 2015 [32]. -LM: high adiposity (FMI 50–100) and low muscle mass (ASMI 0–49.99) with individual z- scores based upon age, sex, and BMI. LSTI: lean soft tissue index; y: years; NA: not applicable; LST: lean soft tissue; SD: standard deviation; ASM: appendicular skeletal muscle mass; ASMI: appendicular skeletal mass index; BMI: body mass index; FM: fat mass; FMI: fat mass index; FFM: fat-free mass.