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| Dose | Effect on microbiota | Benefits and mechanism | References |
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| 100 mg/kg once daily for 15 days | A significant decrease in the abundance of Prevotellaceae was observed, while the abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Rikenellaceae was significantly | Prevotella species were found to be greater in CRC patients. The role of Prevotella in driving Th17-mediated immune responses is clarified by the increase of IL-1a and IL-1b levels in crevicular fluids | [86–88] |
| Curcumin-supplemented diet at doses up to 8000 mg per day | A relative increase in the abundance of Lactobacillales and a decrease in Coriobacterales order was observed | Curcumin possesses anticancer activity in vitro and in preclinical animal models via the activation of caspases 9, 3, and 8 in the colon cancer cell lines.
It also inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis through the COX-2 and non-COX-2 pathways.
It has also the potential to target cancer stem cells (CSC) through direct or indirect influences on the CSC self-renewal pathways. | [89–96] |
| 0.2% (w/w) nanoparticles of curcumin | An increase in the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and fecal butyrate level was observed | Nanoparticles of curcumin suppressed mucosal mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators and the activation of NF-κB in colonic epithelial cells | [97] |
| Up to 2000 mg/day | Curcumin-supplementation showed fewer proinflammatory enterobacteria and enterococci and higher anti-inflammatory bifidobacteria and lactobacilli loads | It can ameliorate intestinal inflammation through modulation of intracellular signaling transduction pathways and different molecular pathways including immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms | [98–101, 105] |
| Low dose of curcumin (1 g/day) | An increase in the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria | Antiatherogenic and antihypercholesterolemia effects by increasing HDL levels | [102, 106, 107] |
| Low dose of curcumin (1 g/day) | Curcumin supplementation shifts the composition of the gut microbiota toward that of the lean comparison rats | Curcumin attenuates Western diet-induced development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis | [103, 104] |
| 100 mg/kg/day | Curcumin could partially reverse changes in the diversity of gut microbiota in estrogen deficient rats.
At the phyla level, a decrease of phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes was observed. | Curcumin had a significant preventive effect on body weight gain. In addition, it decreases the estradiol serum levels. | [108] |
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