Ghanaians Might Be at Risk of Excess Dietary Intake of Potassium Based on Food Supply Data

Table 1

Estimated 2010-2011 average food and K supply per person of 46 edible food items based on the Food Balance Sheet (FBS) and food composition data for Ghana.

Food category	Commonly eaten food/product in Ghana	K content (mg/100 g)	Food supply (kg/yr)	K supply (mg/yr)	K supply (mg/day)
Wheat and products	Bread, wheat, white	117.00	17.64	2063.30	56.5
Rice (milled equivalent)	Rice, white, polished, boiled (without salt)	20.10	32.40	651.01	17.8
Maize and products	Maize, white, stiff porridge (without salt)	40.00	27.11	1084.20	29.7
Oats	Oats, regular and quick, unenriched, cooked with water (includes boiling and microwaving), without salt	70.00	0.16	10.85	0.3
Millet and products	Millet, whole grain, boiled (without salt)	124.00	6.11	757.02	20.7
Sorghum and products	Sorghum, whole grain, boiled (without salt)	122.00	8.24	1004.67	27.5
Cassava and products	^a	418.58	230.35	96417.12	2641.6
Potatoes and products	Snack, potato chips, made from dried potatoes, plain	637.00	0.21	130.59	3.6
Sweet potatoes	Sweet potato, yellow, boiled (without salt)	369.04	5.10	1880.25	51.5
Yams	Yam tuber, boiled (without salt)	687.00	147.48	101318.76	2775.9
Roots, other	^b	313.43	36.99	11593.86	317.6
Sugar (raw equivalent)	Sugar	2.00	11.60	23.19	0.6
Beans/Peas	^c	300.49	0.72	215.60	5.9
Soyabeans	^d	573.26	0.02	8.60	0.2
Groundnuts (shelled equivalent)	^e	723.74	5.97	4317.13	118.3
Coconuts including copra	^f	379.88	5.86	2224.17	60.9
Tomatoes and products	^g	616.00	22.66	13955.48	382.3
Onions	^h	133.95	6.23	834.49	22.9
Vegetables, other	^i	241.43	8.65	2088.33	57.2
Oranges, mandarines	Orange, raw	121.18	21.46	2599.92	71.2
Lemons, limes, and products	^j	114.34	1.67	190.95	5.2
Grapefruit and products	^k	96.18	0.03	2.89	0.1
Bananas	^l	238.40	1.99	474.42	13
Plantains	^m	524.20	131.24	68793.39	1884.8
Apples and products	^n	101.00	1.03	103.53	2.8
Pineapples and products	Pineapple, pulp, raw	104.65	0.99	103.61	2.8
Fruits, other	^o	151.06	12.89	1946.39	53.3
Coffee and products	Coffee, instant, powder	3640.00	0.06	200.20	5.5
Cocoa beans and products	Beverages, cocoa mix, powder	712.00	3.68	2616.60	71.7
Tea (including mate)	Tea, infusion	18.00	0.05	0.90	0.00
Spices, other	Spices, mix, ground	1040.00	0.05	52.00	1.4
Beer	^p	31.33	4.31	135.05	3.7
Beverages, fermented	Ovaltine beverage with skimmed milk (without sugar, fortified)	204.00	14.05	2866.20	78.5
Pig meat	Pork, meat, approximately 40% fat, boiled (without salt)	230.77	1.04	240.00	6.6
Bovine meat	Beef, meat, 15–20% fat, boiled (without salt)	254.00	1.23	312.42	8.6
Mutton and goat meat	Goat, meat, boiled (without salt)	316.04	1.75	553.08	15.2
Poultry meat	Chicken, light meat, flesh and skin, boiled (without salt)	128.00	7.09	906.88	24.8
Meat, other	Game meat, dried	923.00	4.86	4481.17	122.8
Cream	^q	114.50	0.02	2.29	0.1
Butter, ghee	Cheddar	82.30	0.10	7.82	0.2
Fats, animals, raw	Margarine, fortified	18.00	0.20	3.60	0.1
Eggs	^r	133.64	1.17	156.36	4.3
Milk excluding butter	Milk, cow, canned, evaporated	303.00	8.67	2627.01	72
Fishes	^s	258.05	6.28	1619.89	44.4
Crustaceans	^t	204.00	0.08	16.32	0.4
Cephalopods	^u	454.50	0.10	43.18	1.2
Total					9,086

^aCassava, tuber, boiled (without salt), and cassava, tuber, dried. ^bCocoyam, tuber, boiled (without salt), and taro, tuber, boiled (without salt). ^cBeans, liquid from stewed kidney beans; beans, baked, home prepared; peas, edible-podded, boiled, drained, without salt; peas, edible-podded, frozen, cooked, boiled, drained, with salt; peas, green, raw; and cowpea, boiled (without salt). ^dSoyabean, boiled (without salt), and soyabean, combined varieties, boiled (Ghana) (without salt). ^eGroundnut, shelled, dried, raw, and groundnut paste. ^fCoconut, mature kernel, fresh, raw; coconut, immature kernel, fresh, raw; coconut, kernel, dried, raw; and coconut water. ^gTomato, red, ripe, boiled (without salt), and tomato paste, concentrated. ^hOnion, raw, and onion, boiled (without salt). ⁱCocoyam, leaves, boiled (without salt); amaranth leaves, boiled (without salt); cabbage, raw; carrot, raw; eggplant, boiled (without salt); garlic, raw; lettuce, raw; okra fruit, boiled (without salt); peppers, chilli, raw; pepper, sweet, red, raw; pepper, sweet, red, boiled (without salt); pepper, sweet, green, raw; and pepper, sweet, green, boiled (without salt). ^jLemon, raw, and juice, lemon, unsweetened. ^kJuice, grapefruit, canned, unsweetened, and grapefruit, pulp, raw. ^lBanana, white flesh, raw, and banana, yellow flesh, raw. ^mPlantains, cooked; plantains, green, fried; snacks, plantain chips, salted; plantain, ripe, boiled (without salt); and plantains, ripe, fried. ⁿSweet apple, fruit, raw; juice, apple, canned or bottled; apple, with skin, raw; and apple, without skin, raw. ^oAvocado, pulp, raw; mango, deep orange flesh; mango, orange flesh, raw; papaya, fruit, ripe, raw; and watermelon, fruit, raw. ^pBeer European (4.4% alcohol); beer, millet (est. 3% alcohol); and beer, sorghum (est. 3% alcohol). ^qCream, whipping, 38% fat, and cream, 13% fat. ^rEgg, chicken, boiled (without salt), and egg, chicken, fried. ^sAnchovy, fillet, steamed (without salt); mackerel, grilled (without salt and fat); mudfish, grilled (without salt and fat); sardine, steamed (without salt); tilapia, grilled (without salt and fat); and tuna, grilled (without salt and fat). ^tSpiny lobster, mixed species, cooked, moist heat, and crab, queen, cooked, moist heat. ^uOctopus, common, cooked, moist heat, and squid, mixed species, cooked, fried. K composition was sourced from the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Software v.2.6.1, and the rest were from the FAO West African Food Composition Table. The K composition (mg per 100 g edible portion) was converted to mg per kg food intake by multiplying by 10.