Potential Synergies of β-Hydroxybutyrate and Butyrate on the Modulation of Metabolism, Inflammation, Cognition, and General Health

Table 1

Summary of the health benefits of Butyrate that has been reported through scientific research conducted on in vitro and in vivo models including human subjects.

Health benefits	Research model	Reference
Induces GLP-1 secretion	Intestinal L cells	[104]
Stimulates neurogenesis	Rat	[105]
Antidepressant effect	Rat	[106]
Obesity management	Mouse	[107, 113]
Better insulin sensitivity	Mouse	[108]
Improves cardiac health with lower cholesterol production	Human cell line, human	[111, 112]
Improves gut lining integrity	Human epithelial cell	[115]
Neuroprotection and improved memory recall in Alzheimer’s disease	Mouse	[117]
Provides improved long-term inflammatory control, including Crohn’s disease	Mouse, human	[120, 121]
Reduces propionic acid-producing microbes	Rat	[126]
Maintains healthy peristalsis	Human	[132, 133]
Stimulates fatty acid β-oxidation by inducing FGF21	Human	[135, 136]