Hyperuricemia in Children and Adolescents: Present Knowledge and Future Directions

Table 2

Diseases/disorders causing hyperuricemia in children and adolescents.

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1. Gout

2. Chronic diseases

 (a) Metabolic disease

  Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) deficiency

  (complete, Lesch–Nyhan syndrome; partial, Kelly–Seegmiller syndrome)

  Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) deficiency

  Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase overactivity

  Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency

  Glycogen storage diseases (types I, III, V, and VII)

  Acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency

 (b) Down syndrome

 (c) Congenital heart disease (especially cyanotic diseases)

 (d) Genetic diseases

  Familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy (FJHN)

3. Acute diseases

 (a) Gastroenteritis (especially Rotavirus infection)

 (b) Bronchial asthma (especially on attacks)

 (c) Malignant disorders (tumor lysis syndrome)

 (d) Hemolytic anemia

 (e) Drugs

  Diuretics (thiazide)

  Theophylline

  Anticonvulsants (valproate and phenobarbital)

  Cyclosporine

  Pyrazinamide

4. Lifestyle-related disorders

 (a) Obesity

 (b) Metabolic syndrome

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