Iodine Status in the Colombian Population and the Impact of Universal Salt Iodization: A Double-Edged Sword?

Table 1

Health consequences of iodine intake deficiency or excess.

Iodine intake
Deficit	Excess
Hypothyroidism	Hyperthyroidism
Goiter and nodular thyroid disease	Increased risk of thyroid autoimmunity
Increased risk of thyroid cancer	Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism (Jod–Basedow effect)
Increased susceptibility of thyroid to nuclear radiation	Iodine-induced hypothyroidism (Wolff–Chaikoff effect)
Increased rate of abortions and fetal, perinatal, and child mortality	Goiter
Endemic cretinism, growth retardation, decreased intellectual, and labor capacity	Probable rise in cardiovascular mortality