Factors Associated with High Sodium Intake Assessed from 24-hour Urinary Excretion and the Potential Effect of Energy Intake

Table 3

Association between high sodium intake, sociodemography, clinical parameter, and dietary intake with and without energy intake adjustment.

Risk factors	High sodium intake
	Model 1^†		Model 2^††
	OR (95% CI)^†	value	OR (95% CI)^††	value
Sociodemography
Sex
Women	Reference		Reference
Men	2.18 (1.60, 2.95)	<0.001	1.93 (1.41, 2.64)	<0.001
Ethnicity
Malay	Reference		Reference
Chinese	0.79 (0.43, 1.46)	0.456	0.85 (0.46, 1.58)	0.610
Indian	1.00 (0.42, 2.36)	0.999	1.10 (0.47, 2.60)	0.825
Bumiputera Sabah	0.87 (0.46, 1.61)	0.637	0.86 (0.47, 1.64)	0.678
Bumiputera Sarawak	0.23 (0.09, 0.57)	0.002	0.24 (0.09, 0.62)	0.003
Clinical parameters
BMI (kg/m^2)
Normal	Reference		Reference
Overweight/obese	1.55 (1.17, 2.05)	0.003	0.73 (0.25, 2.11)	0.560
Dietary intake
Energy-adjusted sodium (mg/day)	1.19 (1.03, 1.38)	0.019	1.19 (1.03, 1.39)	0.021

^†Model included covariates with in the univariate analysis. ^††Model included energy intake and covariates with in the univariate analysis. Model assumption was met. No multicolinearity and significant interaction were observed. Significant at value < 0.001. Significant at value < 0.05.