Association of ADRB2 rs1042713 with Obesity and Obesity-Related Phenotypes and Its Interaction with Dietary Fat in Modulating Glycaemic Indices in Malaysian Adults

Table 4

Differences in means (±SE) between ADRB2 rs1042713 gene variants in anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary parameters in obese and nonobese groups.

	ADRB2 rs1042713 (dominant model)
	Obese ()			Nonobese ()
General characteristics	AA ()	AG + GG ()	value	AA ()	AG + GG ()	value
Age (years)	47.8 ± 2.0	42.8 ± 1.5	0.038	40.0 ± 2.7	39.7 ± 1.3	0.958
^1Weight (kg)	76.0 ± 2.0	81.2 ± 2.3	0.097	57.9 ± 1.9	57.4 ± 1.0	0.957
^1Height (cm)	157.7 ± 1.7	157.7 ± 1.0	0.688	158.1 ± 1.5	157.9 ± 0.8	0.871
^1BMI (kg/m^2)	30.5 ± 0.5	32.4 ± 0.6	0.086	23.0 ± 0.6	23.0 ± 0.3	0.936
^1WC (cm)	97.6 ± 2.2	99.4 ± 1.6	0.173	68.6 ± 3.7	68.6 ± 2.0	0.899
^1WHR	0.90 ± 0.01	0.93 ± 0.01	0.117	0.87 ± 0.01	0.87 ± 0.01	0.728
^1Muscle mass (kg)	24.0 ± 0.9	24.4 ± 0.7	0.525	20.9 ± 1.0	20.9 ± 0.6	0.941
^1Fat mass (kg)	32.3 ± 1.2	36.6 ± 1.4	0.065	19.2 ± 1.0	19.5 ± 0.6	0.887
^1Fat-free mass (kg)	43.8 ± 1.6	44.6 ± 1.2	0.475	38.6 ± 1.6	37.9 ± 0.7	0.678
^1Percent body fat (%)	42.5 ± 1.2	44.8 ± 0.7	0.110	33.3 ± 1.3	33.8 ± 0.8	0.683
^1Systolic BP (mmHg)	124.0 ± 3.6	124.0 ± 2.0	0.712	122.6 ± 5.0	119.6 ± 2.3	0.587
^1Diastolic BP (mmHg)	81.0 ± 2.3	81.5 ± 1.3	0.535	81.9 ± 2.7	79.2 ± 1.8	0.588
^1Pulse rate (bpm)	75.7 ± 2.5	76.1 ± 1.3	0.948	75.1 ± 4.5	77.9 ± 2.0	0.556
Blood biochemical parameters	AA ()	AG + GG ()	value	AA ()	AG + GG ()	value
^2Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	5.1 ± 0.2	5.3 ± 0.3	0.509	5.0 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3	0.561
^2Fasting insulin (uU/mL)	7.74 ± 1.6	11.2 ± 1.3	0.209	11.7 ± 3.7	7.5 ± 1.4	0.361
^2HOMA-IR	1.9 ± 0.5	2.8 ± 0.3	0.176	2.9 ± 1.0	2.2 ± 0.7	0.494
^2Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.0 ± 0.2	5.7 ± 0.1	0.011	5.4 ± 0.3	5.6 ± 0.2	0.942
^2Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.2 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.1	0.083	1.7 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 0.1	0.983
^2HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.6 ± 0.1	1.5 ± 0.1	0.791	1.5 ± 0.1	1.6 ± 0.1	0.636
^2LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.9 ± 0.2	3.6 ± 0.1	0.008	3.3 ± 0.4	3.3 ± 0.2	0.650
^2Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol	3.4 ± 0.2	3.9 ± 0.1	0.048	3.7 ± 0.3	3.7 ± 0.2	0.650
^2hsCRP (mg/L)	5.2 ± 1.5	8.8 ± 1.4	0.059	2.2 ± 0.5	2.9 ± 0.5	0.750
Dietary parameters	AA ()	AG + GG ()	value	AA ()	AG + GG ()	value
^3Total energy intake (kcal)	2145.5 ± 108.0	2065.6 ± 41.7	0.766	1897.5 ± 53.6	1867.5 ± 47.4	0.836
^4Actual total carbohydrate intake (g)	272.3 ± 20.7	259.4 ± 7.2	0.967	237.8 ± 13.1	234.0 ± 11.0	0.625
^4Actual total protein intake (g)	75.1 ± 5.3	77.1 ± 3.1	0.982	72.8 ± 5.3	70.0 ± 3.2	0.276
^4Actual total dietary fat intake (g)	90.2 ± 5.5	84.7 ± 3.1	0.810	77.1 ± 4.1	77.7 ± 2.6	0.817
^4Percentage energy from carbohydrate (%)	46.9 ± 1.8	46.9 ± 1.2	0.995	46.8 ± 2.1	47.7 ± 1.3	0.520
^4Percentage energy from protein (%)	13.8 ± 0.6	14.9 ± 0.5	0.799	15.5 ± 1.2	14.4 ± 0.7	0.181
^4Percentage energy from dietary fat (%)	37.9 ± 1.9	36.4 ± 1.0	0.744	36.4 ± 1.5	36.8 ± 1.1	0.968
^4SFA (%TE)	7.0 ± 1.0	7.6 ± 0.5	0.514	7.0 ± 0.8	8.7 ± 0.6	0.307
^4MUFA (%TE)	11.8 ± 1.1	10.3 ± 0.6	0.339	11.8 ± 1.1	12.1 ± 0.6	0.895
^4PUFA (%TE)	8.0 ± 0.8	5.6 ± 0.4	0.036	6.5 ± 1.1	7.0 ± 0.6	0.523
^4Trans fat (%TE)	0.1 ± 0.01	0.1 ± 0.04	0.109	0.1 ± 0.03	0.1 ± 0.02	0.497
^4Dietary cholesterol (%TE)	88.8 ± 14.0	108.3 ± 10.5	0.987	111.4 ± 22.9	109.7 ± 16.1	0.471

One-way analysis of covariance was performed to determine the differences between means between gene variants in anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary parameters in obese and nonobese participants, after adjusting for covariates in different model ¹age, gender, physical activity status, smoking status, and alcohol consumption; ²model¹ + BMI, WC, body fat mass, and body fat percent; ³model¹ + BMI; and ⁴model³ + total energy intake. was considered significant. HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; SFA: saturated fatty acid; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; % TE: percentage of total energy intake.