|
| Reference | Sample size | Age (SD) | Sex | BMI (SD) | %BF or fat mass expressed in kg (FM) | Characteristics of the population |
|
| [25] | 169 | F = 44 (12); M = 44 (11) | F/M = 127/42 | F = 29.8 (5.7); M = 31.2 (4.4) | — | Overweight patients (individuals with acute and chronic organ diseases were excluded) |
| [26] | 34 | 30.1 (8.7) | F/M = 26/8 | 26.2 (5.1) | %BF = 30.6 (10.2) | Volunteer adults (all participants were nonsmokers and were not taking any medications for hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, or hyperlipidemia) |
| [27] | 87 | 42 (13) | F/M = 72/15 | 31.6 (4.5) | — | 87 participants recruited from 2 clinical trials (5 excluded because they did not finish baseline accelerometry assessment, 5 excluded due to BMIs < 25, 7 excluded because they did not successfully complete all aspects of the DLW dosing period; final sample size = 70). General exclusion criteria: pregnant or planning to become pregnant during the trial (females only); previous diagnosis of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer; use of medications that influence appetite or body weight during the previous 3 months; weight instability |
| [28] | 19 | 24.6 (3.1) | F/M = 14/5 | 28.0 (3.8) | — | Volunteer adults having no cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, or musculoskeletal disorders with no limitations to exercise, and an age range of 18–30 years |
| [29] | 78 | 46 (12) | F/M = 55/23 | 28 individuals of normal weight or overweight ((27.0 (2.0)), 13 individuals with obesity I (32.5 (1.3)), 13 individuals with obesity II (37.7 (2.0)), and 24 individuals with obesity III (48.2 (5.3)) | — | Patients about undergoing bariatric surgery or with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (of which 19 individuals with DM2, 16 individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, and individuals suffering from diseases preventing them to perform normal daily physical activities were excluded) |
| [30] | 81 | 46 (13) | F/M = 58/23 | 36.4 (9.3); M = 43.9 (6.5) | — | Outpatients with obesity or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis |
| [31] | 43 | 34.9 (5.5) | F/M = 27/6 | 31.2 (3.7) | %BF = 38.3 (5.6) | Obese patients participating in an on-going weight loss program (individuals with a medical condition that could prevent safe participation in maximal exercise testing, or with a medical condition that would require medical clearance or diabetics and patients on medication that might have affected the SWA or the thermoregulatory process were excluded) |
| [32] | 20 | 40 (4) | F = 20 | 29.2 (3.0) | %BF = 34.9 (4.7) | Premenopausal volunteer women, no taking any medication or oral contraceptives, and no smoking, pregnant, or lactating |
| [33] | 30 | 49.2 (19.2) | F/M = 15/15 | 26.4 | — | Healthy volunteers |
| [9] | 10 | 41.5 (10.9) | F/M = 6/4 | 34.3 (5.0) | — | Healthy patients, no taking medications known to modify EE |
| [9] | 13 | 38.3 (10.5) | F = 13 | 34.2 (6.4) | — | |
| [34] | 19 | F = 51.1 (11.0); M = 60.3 (3.1) | F/M = 13/6 | 31.5 (3.6) | %BF = 35.7 (8.3) | Volunteers with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (individuals with glycosylated hemoglobin over 7.5%; serious retinopathy, macular edema; serious nephropathy, in the proteinuria stage or renal failure; serious neuropathy of the lower limbs, diabetes leg syndrome; repeated unrecognized hypoglycemia, labile diabetes; another acute disease; or other diseases influencing or increasing risks of physical stress were excluded) |
| [35] | 19 | 82.0 (3.3) | F/M = 8/11 | 28.1 (3.8) | — | Sample of participants enrolled in the prospective Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study (started in 1997–1998) that were inserted also in the energy expenditure substudy |
| [37] | 142 | 46.9 (14.2) | F/M = 105/37 | 42.3 (7.0) | — | Obese patients and lean and overweight volunteers (individuals with a medical condition that could prevent safe participation in moderate-intensity exercise or that require clinical clearance before participation or with diabetes or taking medication that could affect thermoregulatory process were excluded) |
| [36] | 29 | 31.2 (3.2) | F/M = 14/15 | 43.2 (5.3) | — | |
| [37] | 48 | 33.0 (10.7) | F/M = 28/20 | 25 individuals of normal weight ((21.6 (2.0)), 12 overweight individuals (27.3 (1.0)), and 11 individuals with obesity (33.2 (2.1)) | — | Volunteer adults free from diseases, disorders, or orthopedic conditions that may impair the participants’ ability to walk on a motorized treadmill |
| [38] | 23 | 48.2 (7.9) | F/M = 6/17 | 29.6 (4.0) | — | Volunteer adults |
| [39] | 36 | 41 (7) | F/M = 25/11 | 31.0 (2.5) | — | Overweight and obese volunteers |
| [40] | 264 | 44.7 (12.5) | F/M = 188/76 | F = 41.4 (6.1); M = 43.9 (6.5) | %BF: F = 47.9 (4.5); M = 36.9 (5.2) | Obese patients |
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