Salivary Protein Profile and Food Intake: A Dietary Pattern Analysis

Table 1

Sample characteristics, nutritional, and food intake differences between sexes and BMI (values are mean ± standard deviation (SD)).

Parameters	Men	Women	-value (sex)		NW	Pre-obese	Obese	-value (BMI)
Age (years)	40.7 ± 10.9	38.3 ± 10.7	0.477		37.1 ± 10.9	41.5 ± 1.7	42.6 ± 9.6	.054
BMI (kg/m^2)	27.9 ± 4.2	25.9 ± 5.2	0.014		—	—	—
Nutritional parameters
Energy (kcal/day)	2346 ± 746	2280 ± 734	0.627		2304 ± 723	2361 ± 787	2211 ± 538	0.650
Protein (g/day)	102.8 ± 37.6	107.8 ± 35.6	0.457		103.1 ± 36.1	105.5 ± 35.7	106.5 ± 32.1	0.924
Protein (% TEV)	17.6 ± 3.9	19.2 ± 3.7	0.027		18.1 ± 4.0	18.1 ± 3.3	19.4 ± 4.3	0.198
Total carbohydrate (g/day)	263.4 ± 101.7	256.1 ± 92.2	0.911		265.3 ± 95.0	268.4 ± 106.5	236.8 ± 75.0	0.472
Total carbohydrate (% TEV)	44.9 ± 10.0	44.9 ± 8.8	0.976		46.3 ± 11.0	45.4 ± 7.0	42.4 ± 8.1	0.143
Total sugars (g/day)	119.0 ± 58.5	113.5 ± 51.4	0.853		124.9 ± 60.5	111.5 ± 47.7	103.6 ± 44.6	0.351
Total sugars (% TEV)	20.5 ± 7.8	19.9 ± 6.4	0.651		21.6 ± 8.6	19.4 ± 4.9	18.5 ± 5.9	0.226
SFA (g/day)	26.6 ± 11.0	26.3 ± 9.5	0.951		26.7 ± 10.1	26.8 ± 11.4	25.6 ± 8.9	0.866
SFA (% TEV)	10.3 ± 2.6	10.5 ± 2.3	0.684		10.5 ± 2.5	10.2 ± 2.4	10.5 ± 2.2	0.949
MUFA (g/day)	41.2 ± 16.9	42.9 ± 17.8	0.535		40.2 ± 16.3	43.0 ± 17.9	41.4 ± 13.9	0.685
MUFA (% TEV)	15.8 ± 4.0	17.1 ± 4.0	0.072		16.0 ± 4.0	16.3 ± 3.9	16.8 ± 3.3	0.458
PUFA (g/day)	15.8 ± 6.0	15.8 ± 6.4	0.901		14.6 ± 5.7	16.6 ± 6.2	15.9 ± 5.8	0.137
PUFA (% TEV)	6.1 ± 1.5	6.3 ± 1.4	0.351		5.9 ± 1.5	6.3 ± 1.3	6.4 ± 1.3	0.106
Cholesterol (mg/day)	361.3 ± 167.7	345.6 ± 134.0	0.578		345.0 ± 148.3	358.6 ± 165.9	369.3 ± 141.7	0.774
Fibre (g/day)	26.2 ± 13.0	28.4 ± 12.9	0.206		27.8 ± 13.0	28.5 ± 13.4	25.7 ± 12.5	0.695
Foods/food groups (g/day)
Vegetables	387.9 ± 268.0	499.7 ± 255.4		0.038	434.9 ± 283.1	424.4 ± 230.6	543.4 ± 265.5	0.106
Vegetable soup	194.5 ± 167.4	272.0 ± 154.6		0.003	247.6 ± 237.2	206.0 ± 130.1	298.0 ± 136.9	0.016
Fresh fruits	253.8 ± 177.1	353.6 ± 239.3		0.027	348.6 ± 270.3	304.6 ± 196.8	255.1 ± 188.3	0.281
Canned fruits	10.7 ± 21.2	5.6 ± 12.8		0.006	6.4 ± 13.5	9.3 ± 23.5	7.8 ± 11.8	0.300
Olives	8.1 ± 15.4	13.4 ± 36.6		0.230	14.3 ± 38.9	8.9 ± 18.2	7.7 ± 12.3	0.719
Nuts	10.6 ± 15.0	17.2 ± 22.9		0.193	13.9 ± 29.9	15.5 ± 19.3	17.2 ± 23.2	0.223
Fish	72.7 ± 46.3	82.9 ± 6.4		0.168	68.5 ± 43.6	82.7 ± 48.2	89.6 ± 55.6	0.156
White meat	55.1 ± 47.0	72.9 ± 47.7		0.039
Red meat	43.0 ± 34.3	30.8 ± 27.3		0.032	32.7 ± 27.8	38.1 ± 35.4	38.8 ± 27.9	0.572
Processed meat^1	31.9 ± 40.5	17.5 ± 14.3		0.012	23.8 ± 34.4	24.5 ± 35.0	24.6 ± 17.1	0.347
Eggs	14.1 ± 11.1	14.7 ± 9.8		0.397	12.9 ± 9.5	15.4 ± 11.6	15.7 ± 10.5	0.325
Olive oil	10.9 ± 9.5	12.9 ± 9.1		0.084	11.4 ± 10.6	14.0 ± 12.9	11.6 ± 9.1	0.868
Vegetable oil	2.1 ± 3.5	1.5 ± 3.1		0.213	1.0 ± 2.4	2.3 ± 3.3	2.0 ± 3.8	0.006
Butter	2.5 ± 2.2	3.5 ± 3.0		0.059	2.9 ± 2.3	2.9 ± 2.7	2.9 ± 3.1	0.843
Margarine	1.2 ± 1.6	1.3 ± 1.6		0.438	1.7 ± 2.2	1.5 ± 2.3	1.2 ± 2.4	0.366
Milk	167.7 ± 164.4	231.5 ± 206.7		0.114	199.4 ± 212.4	216.4 ± 179.4	186.9 ± 152.5	0.524
Yoghurt	62.7 ± 85.3	93.6 ± 90.6		0.009	84.6 ± 99.9	60.4 ± 72.6	86.0 ± 90.9	0.399
Cheese	18.1 ± 21.3	15.7 ± 16.3		0.889	16.7 ± 19.3	16.5 ± 19.2	19.0 ± 19.2	0.623
Milk-based puddings	13.9 ± 16.6	9.2 ± 9.2		0.323	11.1 ± 13.2	12.0 ± 15.3	10.2 ± 10.7	0.982
Ice-cream	7.5 ± 8.7	5.6 ± 8.1		0.083	6.3 ± 8.4	7.9 ± 10.4	4.9 ± 4.7	0.791
Starch-rich foods (rice, potatoes, pasta)^2	136.8 ± 72.0	136.4 ± 71.1		1.000	120.1 ± 66.7	156.5 ± 53.8	153.8 ± 109.4	0.021
Bread	63.8 ± 51.7	77.0 ± 53.7		0.110	76.6 ± 54.7	75.1 ± 57.1	59.4 ± 39.7	0.542
Ready-to-eat cereals	11.6 ± 14.8	9.3 ± 14.1		0.306	9.5 ± 14.2	12.5 ± 15.3	7.5 ± 12.9	0.357
Sugar sweetened beverages (SSB)^3	170.1 ± 216.3	84.6 ± 100.2		0.100	134.6 ± 192.4	107.2 ± 145.3	128.1 ± 180.6	0.839
Coffee	76.5 ± 57.6	63.4 ± 49.5		0.330	64.5 ± 56.6	74.5 ± 49.5	78.8 ± 50.7	0.585
Tea	32.4 ± 58.6	68.3 ± 88.3		0.246	42.2 ± 79.7	45.2 ± 74.0	43.1 ± 72.1	0.994
Fast-food^4	37.8 ± 27.8	29.3 ± 15.4		0.163	32.7 ± 23.8	32.1 ± 20.3	37.5 ± 33.8	0.936
Pastry	40.1 ± 36.4	30.6 ± 25.7		0.245	36.0 ± 31.0	40.3 ± 38.1	25.7 ± 22.7	0.237
Crackers/cookies^5	5.5 ± 7.6	10.9 ± 13.5		0.029	9.8 ± 12.4	7.7 ± 10.4	6.8 ± 9.9	0.433
Pulses	51.9 ± 57.6	35.5 ± 36.7		0.498	44.2 ± 49.9	46.6 ± 50.1	42.9 ± 45.6	0.975
Wine	36.6 ± 41.3	12.2 ± 25.3		<0.001	17.4 ± 30.8	25.4 ± 36.9	38.0 ± 42.6	0.072
Alcoholic beverages (apart from wine)^6	61.9 ± 74.5	14.1 ± 30.4		<0.001	26.1 ± 43.6	43.1 ± 63.2	52.1 ± 83.6	0.173

The food/food groups according to previous work [29], which were further used to constitute the dietary patterns.¹Processed meats include ham, sausages, and bacon; ²Starch-rich foods include pasta, rice, and potato. ³Sugar sweetened beverages include all types of juices with sugar, cola, and ice-tea. ⁴Fast-food includes hamburger, pizza, snacked fried food, and sausages. ⁵Cookies with sugar amounts lower that 20% of total ingredients. ⁶Beer + spirits.  < .05. SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; TEV, total energy value.