Effect of a High-Protein High-Fibre Nutritional Supplement on Lipid Profile in Overweight/Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 24-Week Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 2
Demographic and baseline characteristics of the study participants {intent to treat (n = 100)}.
Variables
Control group (n = 50)
Intervention group$ (n = 50)
value
Mean ± SD
Mean ± SD
Age (years)
50 ± 8
51 ± 8.2
0.51
Male n (%)
20 (40)
31 (62)
0.04
Height (cm)
158 ± 10
162 ± 8.3
0.08
Weight (kg)
73.3 ± 14.0
73.5 ± 14.2
0.92
Body mass index (kg/m2)
29.3 ± 5.4
28.0 ± 4.3
0.19
Waist circumference (cm)
98 ± 12
97 ± 11
0.57
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
126 ± 17
125 ± 15
0.90
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
85 ± 10.8
83 ± 7
0.27
Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL)
163 ± 52
173 ± 51
0.31
HbA1c (%)
8.3 ± 1.3
8.9 ± 1.4
0.04
Triglycerides (mg/dL)a
140 (125, 159)
163 (140, 190)
0.10
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
188 ± 41
195 ± 48
0.40
TChol/HDL-ratio
4.5 ± 1.0
5.0 ± 1.0
0.007
Duration of diabetes (years)
5.0 ± 2.7
5.1 ± 2.7
0.68
Energy (kcal/day)
1570 ± 345
1401 ± 336
0.01
Carbohydrate % E/day
58.1 ± 6.0
59.0 ± 5.7
0.43
Carbohydrate (g/day)
224.8 ± 46.2
202.9 ± 41.8
0.01
Protein % E/day
12.1 ± 1.1
12.0 ± 1.4
0.81
Protein (g/day)
47.0 ± 10.5
42.0 ± 9.6
0.01
Total fat (g/day)
44.7 ± 16.1
39.1 ± 18.6
0.10
Total fat % E/day
24.8 ± 5.0
24.0 ± 5.4
0.40
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g/day)
11.3 ± 4.6
10.0 ± 4.7
0.16
Monounsaturated fatty acids % E/day
6.3 ± 1.7
6.2 ± 1.5
0.71
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/day)
16.2 ± 6.1
14.4 ± 7.0
0.16
Polyunsaturated fatty acids % E/day
9.0 ± 1.8
8.8 ± 2.1
0.69
Saturated fatty acids (g/day)
12.4 ± 5.0
10.6 ± 4.7
0.06
Saturated fatty acids % E/day
6.9 ± 2.1
6.6 ± 2.0
0.37
Total dietary fibre (g/day)
25.5 ± 7.0
23.8 ± 7.3
0.24
Physical activity level
1.4 ± 0.1
1.5 ± 0.2
0.34
Data presented as mean ± SD. aAntilogarithmic values were presented as mean and 95% CI. $High-Protein High-Fibre 2 sachets per day (25 g/sachet in 200 ml water) for 24 weeks. Significance tested using an independent t-test, #significance tested using the chi-square test.
