Nutritional Status of Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 1

Sample distribution, prevalence, and unadjusted odds of malnutrition in relation to the sociodemographic, hemodialysis-related, and clinical variables. N = 160.

Characteristics	Sample distribution n	Proportion malnourished n	Crude odds ratio (COR) (95% CI)	value
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age (years); 18–39; 40–59; ≥60	30 (18.8%); 75 (46.9%); 55 (34.3%)	21/30 (70%); 42/75 (56%); 35/55 (63.6%)	1; 0.55 (0.22–1.35); 0.75 (0.29–1.95)	0.19; 0.56
Gender; Male; Female	111 (69.4%); 49 (30.6%)	65/111 (58.6%); 33/49 (67.3%)	1; 1.46 (0.72–2.96)	0.29
Marital status; Living with a partner; Single	136 (85.0%); 24 (15.0%)	79/136 (58.1%); 19/24 (79.2%)	1; 2.74 (0.97–7.78)	0.06
Educational level; Higher; Secondary; None or primary	62 (38.8%); 57 (35.6%); 41 (25.6%)	36/62 (58.1%); 33/57 (57.9%); 29/41 (70.7%)	1; 0.99 (0.48–2.06); 1.75 (0.75–4.05)	0.99; 0.19
Employment status; Currently working; Retired/stopped; Not employed	24 (15.0%); 118 (73.8%); 18 (11.2%)	14/24 (58.3%); 70/118 (59.3%); 14/18 (77.8%)	1; 1.04 (0.43–2.54); 2.5 (0.63–9.9)	0.33
Payment type; Health insurance; Cash payment	144 (90.0%); 16 (10.0%)	87/144 (60.4%); 11/16 (68.8%)	1; 1.44 (0.48–4.37)	0.52
Hemodialysis-related factors and medical conditions
Duration on HD; <1 year; 1–4 years; >4 years	54 (33.7%); 92 (57.5%); 14 (8.8%)	22/54 (40.7%); 63/92 (68.5%); 13/14 (92.9%)	1; 3.16 (1.57–6.36); 18.9 (2.3–155.2)	0.001
Frequency of HD; Thrice/week; Twice/week	132 (82.5%)^a28 (17.5%)	78/132 (59.1%); 20/28 (71.4%)	1; 1.73 (0.71–4.22)	0.23
Vascular access; AV fistula; Dialysis catheter	76 (47.5%); 84 (52.5%)	48/76 (63.2%); 50/84 (59.5%)	1; 0.86 (0.45–1.62)	0.64
Dialysis adequacy; Adequate; Inadequate	122 (76.2%); 38 (23.8%)	74/122 (60.7%); 24/38 (63.2%)	1; 1.11 (0.52–2.36)	0.78
Diabetes mellitus; Present; Absent	69 (43.1%); 91 (56.9%)	47/69 (68.1%); 51/91 (56.0%)	1.68 (0.87–3.22); 1	0.12
Hypertension; Present; Absent	154 (96.2%); 6 (3.8%)	94/154 (61.0%); 4/6 (66.7%)	0.78 (0.14–4.41); 1	0.78
Hepatitis B infection; Present; Absent	9 (5.6%); 151 (94.4%)	6/9 (66.7%); 92/151 (60.9%)	1.28 (0.31–5.33); 1	0.73
HIV infection; Present; Absent	15 (9.4%); 145 (90.6%)	12/15 (80.0%); 86/145 (59.3%)	2.74 (0.74–10.1); 1	0.13

COR: crude/unadjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.