Effects of Lemon Beverage Containing Citric Acid with Calcium Supplementation on Bone Metabolism and Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: Double-Blind 11-Month Intervention Study

Figure 3

Relationship between ingested product and bone resorption markers. (a) Changes in TRACP-5b concentration. (b) Changes in uNTx for each group (chronological). (c) Changes in OC concentration. (d) Changes in BAP concentration for each group (chronological). (a, c) Values are shown as the mean (SD) with error bars. Dotted line is the control group, dashed line is the LE group, and solid line is the LECA group. Two-way factorial analysis of variance was performed with type of ingested product and intervention period as factors. p values for ingested product (drink), intervention period (time), and interaction are shown (^†). (a) Drink:  = 0.840; time:  = 0.967; interaction:  < 0.001^†. (c) Drink:  = 0.788; time:  = 0.254; interaction:  = 0.006^†. (b, d) Values are shown as the median (interquartile range) (25%–75%) with error bars. Light grey box is the control group, blank box is the LE group, and dark grey box is the LECA group. Friedman’s test with type of ingested product and intervention period as factors was used. p values for each group are shown (^‡). (b) Control:  = 0.401^‡; LE:  = 0.248^‡; LECA:  = 0.131^‡. (d) Control:  < 0.001^‡; LE:  < 0.001^‡; LECA:  < 0.001^‡. TRACP-5b: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b; uNTx: urinary type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptide; OC: osteocalcin; BAP: bone alkaline phosphatase.

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