Effects of Lemon Beverage Containing Citric Acid with Calcium Supplementation on Bone Metabolism and Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: Double-Blind 11-Month Intervention Study
Table 3
Measurements before starting intervention.
Subject groups
Total (n = 79)
value
Control (n = 23)
LE (n = 28)
LECA (n = 28)
Bone mineral density
Lumbar spine (g/cm2)
0.84 (0.16)
0.87 (0.12)
0.83 (015)
0.85 (0.14)
0.567a
T-score (SD)
−1.43 (0.25)
−1.13 (0.22)
−1.45 (0.22)
−1.33 (1.17)
0.534a
Proximal femur (g/cm2)
0.70 (0.13)
0.71 (0.12)
0.73 (0.09)
0.72 (0.11)
0.738a
T-score (SD)
−1.45 (0.22)
−.136 (0.19)
−1.25 (0.19)
−1.35 (1.03)
0.793a
Bone metabolism marker
TRACP-5b (mU/dL)
397.8 (144.7)
361.8 (132.4)
435.4 (131.2)
398.4 (137.5)
0.134a
uNTx (nmol BCE/mmol/Cr)
39.9 (30.3–56.5)
42.5 (25.7–51.4)
45.9 (37.5–59.1)
43.3 (32.0–55.0)
0.492b
BAP (μg/L)
13.3 (10.9–15.9)
11.4 (8.9–14.3)
13.9 (10.4–19.7)
12.5 (9.7–16.2)
0.057b
OC (ng/mL)
11.4 (4.6)
11.4 (4.7)
12.4 (4.1)
11.7 (4.4)
0.613a
Bone matrix-related marker
ucOC (ng/mL)
3.6 (2.1–4.0)
3.8 (2.3–5.4)
3.3 (2.4–4.7)
3.6 (2.2–4.8)
0.674b
HS-PTH (pg/mL)
395.0 (340.0–470.0)
460.0 (402.5–515.0)
415.0 (355.0–460.0)
420.0 (370.0–482.5)
0.111b
Serum total Ca (mg/dL)
9.5 (9.1–9.6)
9.5 (9.1–9.6)
9.6 (9.4–9.8)
9.5 (9.3–9.7)
0.069b
Values are shown as the mean (SD). Median (25%–75%) because normality was not shown. aResult obtained by one-way analysis of variance. bResult obtained by Kruskal–Wallis test. TRACP-5b: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b; uNTx: urinary type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptide; BAP: bone alkaline phosphatase; OC: osteocalcin; ucOC: undercarboxylated osteocalcin; HS-PTH: highly sensitive parathyroid hormone; Ca: calcium.
