Effects of Lemon Beverage Containing Citric Acid with Calcium Supplementation on Bone Metabolism and Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: Double-Blind 11-Month Intervention Study

Table 4

Ratio of change after 11 months of intervention.

Ratio of change		Subject group			value			value
		Control (n = 23)	LE (n = 28)	LECA (n = 28)	Versus LE	Versus LECA	LE versus LECA
Bone mineral density	Lumbar spine (g/cm^2)	−0.04 (0.03)	−0.00 (0.02)	0.03 (0.03)	<0.001^a	<0.001^a	<0.001^a	<0.001^a
	Proximal femur (g/cm^2)	−0.02 (0.02)	−0.02 (0.02)	0.00 (0.01)	0.995^a	<0.001^a	0.001^a	<0.001^a
Bone metabolism marker	TRACP-5b (mU/dL)	0.03 (0.27)	0.08 (0.17)	−0.10 (0.16)	0.685^a	0.002^a	0.003^a	0.004^a
	u-NTx (nmol BCE/mmol/Cr)	0.00 (−0.45–0.30)	−0.01 (−0.29–0.22)	−0.16 (−0.38–0.03)	1.000^c	1.000^c	1.000^c	0.573^b
	BAP (μg/L)	0.17 (0.02)	0.26 (0.17)	0.03 (0.15)	0.135^a	0.007^a	<0.001^a	<0.001^a
	OC (ng/ml)	0.00 (−0.29–0.21)	−0.02 (−0.12–0.15)	−0.27 (−0.36–0.10)	0.590^c	0.060^c	<0.001^c	0.001^b
Bone matrix-related marker	ucOC (ng/mL)	−0.10 (−0.33–0.12)	−0.14 (−0.25–0.12)	−0.22 (−0.43–0.03)	0.580^c	0.530^c	0.150^c	0.152^b
HS-PTH (pg/ml)		−0.08 (0.21)	−0.11 (0.15)	−0.19 (0.16)	0.648^a	0.040^a	0.164^a	0.056^a
Serum total Ca (mg/dl)		0.01 (−0.02–0.02)	0.03 (0.00–0.04)	0.03 (−0.01–0.04)	0.367^c	0.349^c	0.999^c	0.102^b

Values are shown as the mean (SD). Median (25%–75%), because normality was not shown. ^aResult obtained by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test after one-way analysis of variance. ^bResult obtained by Kruskal–Wallis test. ^cResult obtained by the p value adjustment method (Holm’s) after the Kruskal–Wallis test.