Chronic Energy Deficiency and Its Determinant Factors among Adults Aged 18–59 Years in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 3

Factors associated with chronic energy deficiency among adults aged 18–59 years in Ethiopia: EDHS 2016 (N = 9280).

	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)		Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Family size
<5	0.91 (0.79, 1.04)	0.181	0.95 (0.82, 1.10)	0.524
≥5	Reference		Reference
Anemia
Yes	1.23 (1.05, 1.55)	0.045	1.17 (0.93, 1.48)	0.163
No	Reference		Reference
Sex of household head
Male	0.88 (0.72, 1.09)	0.254	1.09 (0.87, 1.36)	0.437
Female	Reference		Reference
Age
18–29	1.29 (1.08, 1.54)	0.006	1.09 (0.87, 1.37)	0.438
30–44	0.86 (0.71, 1.05)	0.142	0.87 (0.71, 1.06)	0.164
45–59	Reference		Reference
Education status
No education	1.44 (1.12, 1.86)	0.004	1.25 (0.91, 1.71)	0.169
Primary	1.44 (1.12, 1.87)	0.006	1.21 (0.90, 1.61)	0.207
Secondary	1.39 (1.04, 1.84)	0.024	1.11 (0.82, 1.48)	0.515
Higher	Reference		Reference
Occupation status
Not working	1.77 (1.48, 2.11)	<0.001	1.49 (1.23, 1.82)	0.001
Working	Reference		Reference
Marital status
Married	Reference	<0.001	Reference	<0.001
Others^a	1.51 (1.33, 1.71)		1.44 (1.21, 1.71)
Place of residence
Urban	0.69 (0.56, 0.86)	0.001	0.79 (0.58, 1.06)	0.122
Rural	Reference		Reference
Household wealth index
Poor	1.43 (1.24, 1.65)	<0.001	1.25 (1.06, 1.48)	0.009
Middle	1.11 (0.91, 1.36)	0.309	1.03 (0.83, 1.28)	0.757
Rich	Reference		Reference
Region
Tigray	2.89 (2.27, 3.67)	<0.001	2.23 (1.61, 3.09)	<0.001
Afar	4.17 (3.02, 5.75)	<0.001	2.98 (2.04, 4.36)	<0.001
Amhara	1.83 (1.43, 2.35)	<0.001	1.53 (1.09, 2.13)	0.012
Oromia	1.98 (1.53, 2.57)	<0.001	1.53 (1.07, 2.19)	0.021
Somalia	4.45 (3.38, 5.87)	<0.001	3.14 (2.19, 4.52)	<0.001
Benishangul-Gumuz	1.95 (1.42, 2.67)	<0.001	1.58 (1.06, 2.35)	0.021
SNNPR	1.59 (1.22, 2.07)	0.001	1.26 (0.87, 1.82)	0.211
Gambella	2.19 (1.56, 3.08)	<0.001	1.89 (1.29, 2.76)	0.001
Harari	1.80 (1.33, 2.45)	<0.001	1.54 (1.09, 2.19)	0.014
Dire Dawa	1.77 (1.29, 2.43)	<0.001	1.45 (1.03, 2.05)	0.033
Addis Ababa	Reference		Reference
Alcohol intake
Yes	Reference	0.006	Reference	0.318
No	1.23 (1.06, 1.43)		0.91 (0.75, 1.10)

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval, SNNPR, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region; MDDS, minimum dietary diversity score. ^aWidowed, separated, divorced, and living with a partner. The final regression model was adjusted for anemia, educational status, place of residence, wealth status, marital status, occupational status, adults’ age, family size, alcohol consumption, and region.