Darker Skin Color Measured by Von Luschan Chromatic Scale and Increased Sunlight Exposure Time Are Independently Associated with Decreased Odds of Vitamin D Deficiency in Thai Ambulatory Patients

Table 3

Adjusted association of skin colors at the outer forearm and sunlight exposure time with odds of vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D <20 ng/mL).

	Adjusted OR	95% confidence interval	-value
Age (per 1 year increase)	0.990	0.960–1.020	0.500
Sex
Male	Ref	Ref	Ref
Female	0.455	0.254–0.813	0.008
Body mass index (per 1 kg/m^2 increase)	1.094	1.025–1.167	0.007
Skin color at outer forearm
Light brown (VLCS score <21)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Medium brown (VLCS score 21–<25)	0.369	0.987–1.003	0.067
Dark brown (VLCS score 25–<27)	0.263	0.081–0.851	0.026
Sunlight exposure time (per 1 minute/day increase)	0.995	0.991–1.000	0.037
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	0.848	0.453–1.589	0.608
Hypertension	1.788	0.986–3.241	0.056
Dyslipidemia	1.399	0.703–2.783	0.339
Coronary artery disease	0.526	0.201–1.376	0.190
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (per 1 Ml/min/1.73 m^2 increase)	1.003	0.987–1.018	0.737

Ref: reference; VLCS: von Luschan chromatic scale.