Meal Pattern in the Colombian Population: Results of the National Nutrition Survey. ENSIN, 2015

Table 1

The number of meals per day made by the Colombian population between 3 and 4 years of age according to sociodemographic characteristics. National Survey of Nutritional Situation in Colombia (ENSIN-2015).

Variable	n	Mean	SE	value^†	Adjusted difference (95% CI)	value^‡
Overall	3127	4.4	0.1
Sex				0.129		0.140
Males	1374	4.4	0.1		—
Females	1753	4.3	0.1		−0.1 (−0.3, 0.0)
Height-for-age Z-score§				0.015		0.223
<−2	236	4.8	0.1		0.1 (−0.2, 0.3)
−2 to <−1	577	4.7	0.1		−0.1 (−0.3, 0.1)
−1 to 1	1153	4.9	0.0		—
>1 to 2	113	5.4	0.2		0.4 (0.1, 0.7)
>2	20	4.6	0.5		−0.4 (−1.4, 0.6)
BMI-for-age Z-score§				0.512		0.484
<−2	31	4.8	0.1		0.2 (−0.2, 0.6)
−2 to <−1	192	4.6	0.2		−0.2 (−0.5, 0.1)
−1 to 1	1375	4.9	0.1		—
>1 to 2	386	4.9	0.1		−0.1 (−0.4, 0.1)
>2	112	4.7	0.2		−0.3 (−0.6, 0.0)
Education of head				0.011		0.002
<5 (primary or less)	749	4.3	0.1		0.0 (−0.2, 0.2)
5 to <11	1136	4.3	0.1		—
11 to <16	1088	4.5	0.1		0.4 (0.2, 0.6)
≥16 (university)	143	4.6	0.3		0.4 (−0.1, 0.9)
Wealth index, quintiles|				0.997		0.815
Q1	1677	4.3	0.1		0.0 (−0.4, 0.4)
Q2	729	4.5	0.1		0.2 (−0.2, 0.6)
Q3	416	4, 5	0.1		0.2 (−0.2, 0.6)
Q4	305	4, 2	0.2		—
Food insecurity in the home				<0.0001		<0.0001
No	1090	4.6	0.1		—
Mild	1143	4.3	0.1		−0.2 (−0.4, −0.0)
Moderate	510	4.2	0.1		−0.4 (−0.6, −0.1)
Severe	384	4.0	0.1		−0.6 (−0.9, −0.3)
Urbanicity				0.445		0.319
Big cities¶	635	4.2	0.1		—
100.001 a 1.000.000 population	678	4.6	0.1		0.3 (−0.0, 0.5)
0 a 100000 population	1000	4.4	0.1		0.2 (0.1, 0.5)
Disperse population	814	4.3	0.1		0.1 (−0.2, 0.5)
Country region				0.333		0.297
Central	633	4.6	0.1		—
Atlantic (north)	829	4.2	0.1		−0.4 (−0.6, 0.1)
Oriental	555	4.5	0.1		−0.1 (−0.3, 0.2)
Pacific (west)	424	4.5	0.1		−0.1 (−0.4, 0.3)
Bogotá	200	4.2	0.1		−0.5 (−0.8, −0.1)
Amazonia-Orinoquia	486	4.4	0.1		−0.2 (−0.5, 0.0)

nThe analyzed sample may be less than 3127 due to missing values. Based on FFQ. ^†Test for linear trend for ordinal predictors. For sex, urbanicity, and country region, P is from ANOVA. All tests incorporated the complex sampling survey design. ^‡From linear regression models with the number of meals as continuous result and indicator variables in the table as predictors except for height-for-age and BMI-for-age. The estimates for education come from a model that excludes the wealth index and food security, which could be on the causal path. The wealth index estimates excluded food security. ^§According to the WHO [48]. | The wealth index is a composite measure of a household’s cumulative living standard. The wealth index is calculated using easy-to-collect data on a household’s ownership of selected assets such as televisions and bicycles, materials used for housing construction, type of water supply, and sanitation facilities. ¶ Bogotá, Barranquilla, Medellín, CAli.