Meal Pattern in the Colombian Population: Results of the National Nutrition Survey. ENSIN, 2015

Table 2

The number of meals per day made by the Colombian population between 5 and 12 years of age according to sociodemographic characteristics. National Survey of Nutritional Situation in Colombia (ENSIN-2015).

Variable	n	Mean	SE	value^†	Adjusted difference	value^‡
					(95% CI)
Overall	6274	4.5	0.0
Sex				0.158		0.207
Males	3556	4.5	0.0		—
Females	2718	4.4	0.1		−0.1 (−0.3, 0.1)
Height-for-age Z-score§				0.001		0.032
<−2	466	4.6	0.1		−0.1 (−0.4, 0.1)
−2 to <−1	1240	4.7	0.1		−0.1 (−0.3, 0.0)
−1 to 1	2506	4.9	0.0		—
>1 to 2	229	5.0	0.1		0.1 (−0.2, 0.3)
>2	52	5.0	0.3		0.1 (−0.4, 0.6)
BMI-for-age Z-score§				0.848		0.272
<−2	73	4.9	0.2		0.1 (−0.3, 0.4)
−2 to <−1	378	4.7	0.2		−0.2 (−0.5, 0.1)
−1 to 1	2966	4.9	0.0		—
>1 to 2	783	4.9	0.1		0.0 (−0.2, 0.2)
>2	279	4.7	0.1		−0.4 (−0.6, −0.2)
Education of head				0.186		0.211
<5 (primary or less)	1662	4.4	0.1		−0.0 (−0.2, 0.2)
5 to <11	2219	4.4	0.0		—
11 to <16	1996	4.5	0.1		0.0 (−0.1, 0.2)
≥16 (university)	357	4.7	0.2		0.3 (−0.2, 0.8)
Wealth index, quintiles|				0.876		0.846
Q1	3484	4.5	0.0		0.1 (−0.2, 0.4)
Q2	1345	4.5	0.1		0.1 (−0.2, 0.5)
Q3	1002	4.6	0.1		0.1 (−0.2, 0.5)
Q4	443	4.4	0.2		—
Food insecurity in the home				<0.0001		<0.0001
No	2181	4.6	0.1		—
Mild	2187	4.5	0.0		−0.0 (−0.2, 0.1)
Moderate	1127	4.5	0.1		−0.0 (−0.2, 0.1)
Severe	776	3.9	0.1		−0.6 (−1.0, −0.3)
Urbanicity				0.224		0.865
Big cities¶	1233	4.5	0.0		—
100.001 a 1.000.000 population	1125	4, 5	0.1		0.1 (−0.1, 0.3)
0 a 100000 population	2562	4, 4	0.1		0.0 (−0.1, 0.2)
Disperse population	1354	4.4	0.1		−0.0 (−0.2, 0.2)
Country region				0.397		0.210
Central	1671	4.5	0.0		—
Atlantic (north)	785	4.3	0.1		−0.1 (−0.3, 0.2)
Oriental	985	4.6	0.1		0.2 (−0.0, 0.4)
Pacific (west)	574	4.6	0.1		0.2 (−0.0, 0.4)
Bogotá	589	4.6	0.1		0.1 (−0.1, 0.4)
Amazonia-Orinoquia	1670	4.3	0.1		−0.1 (−0.3, 0.1)

n The analyzed sample may be less than 6274 due to missing values. Based on FFQ. ^†Test for linear trend for ordinal predictors. For sex, urbanicity, and country region is from ANOVA. All tests incorporated the complex sampling survey design. ^‡From linear regression models with the number of meals as continuous result and indicator variables in the table as predictors except for height-for-age and BMI-for-age. The estimates for education come from a model that excludes the wealth index and food security, which could be on the causal path. The wealth index estimates excluded food security. ^§According to the WHO [48]. | The wealth index is a composite measure of a household’s cumulative living standard. The wealth index is calculated using easy-to-collect data on a household’s ownership of selected assets such as televisions and bicycles, materials used for housing construction, type of water supply, and sanitation facilities. ¶ Bogotá, Barranquilla, Medellín, CAli.