Meal Pattern in the Colombian Population: Results of the National Nutrition Survey. ENSIN, 2015

Table 3

The number of meals per day made by the Colombian population between 13 and 17 years of age according to sociodemographic characteristics. National Survey of Nutritional Situation in Colombia (ENSIN-2015).

Variable	n	Mean	SE	value^†	Adjusted difference (95% CI)	value^‡
Overall	7110	4.4	0.0
Sex				0.114		0.142
Males	3402	4.4	0.1		—
Females	3708	4.3	0.1		−0.1 (−0.3, 0.0)
Height-for-age Z-score§				0.713		0.509
<−2	496	4.7	0.1		−0.1 (−0.3, 0.2)
−2 to <−1	1369	4.9	0.1		0.0 (−0.1, 0.2)
−1 to 1	2693	4.9	0.1		—
>1 to 2	262	4.8	0.2		−0.1 (−0.5, 0.3)
>2	69	4.6	0.2		−0.2 (−0.7, 0.2)
BMI-for-age Z-score§				0.150		0.385
<−2	81	4.3	0.2		−0.4 (−0.8, −0.1)
−2 to <−1	457	4.9	0.1		0.1 (−0.1, 0.3)
−1 to 1	3185	4.8	0.1		—
>1 to 2	875	4.9	0.1		0.0 (−0.2, 0.2)
>2	293	4.9	0.1		0.1 (−0.2, 0.4)
Education of head				<0.0001		0.001
<5 (primary or less)	2065	4.2	0.1		.0.1 (−0.3, 0.0)
5 to <11	2402	4.3	0.1		—
11 to <16	2252	4.5	0.1		0.1 (−0.1, 0.3)
≥16 (university)	355	4.9	0.1		0.1 (0.2, 0.8)
Wealth index, quintiles|				0.306		0.592
Q1	3432	4.2	0.1		−0.1 (−0.5, 0.2)
Q2	1920	4.5	0.1		0.2 (−0.1, 0.5)
Q3	1145	4.5	0.1		0.1 (−0.2, 0.4)
Q4	613	4.3	0.1		—
Food insecurity in the home				<0.0001		<0.0001
No	2388	4.5	0.1		—
Mild	2585	4.4	0.1		−0.1 (−0.2, 0.1)
Moderate	1282	4.3	0.1		−0.2 (−0.4, −0.0)
Severe	855	3.8	0.1		−0.6 (−0.8, 0.4)
Urbanicity				0.344		0.780
Big cities¶	945	4.4	0.1		—
100.001 a 1.000.000 population	1911	4.4	0.1		−0.0 (−0.2, 0.2)
0 a 100000 population	2514	4.5	0.1		0.1 (−0.1, 0.3)
Disperse population	1740	4.3	0.1		−0.1 (−0.3, 0.1)
Country region				0.857		0.290
Central	1668	4.5	0.1		—
Atlantic (north)	1383	4.1	0.1		−0.3 (−0.5, −0.2)
Oriental	1176	4.7	0.1		0.1 (−0.0, 0.3)
Pacific (west)	1272	4.4	0.1		−0.2 (−0.4, −0.0)
Bogotá	400	4.4	0.1		−0.3 (−0.6, −0.0)
Amazonia-Orinoquia	1211	4.3	0.1		−0.1 (−0.3, −0.1)

n The analyzed sample may be less than 7110 due to missing values. Based on FFQ. ^†Test for linear trend for ordinal predictors. For sex, urbanicity, and country region, is from ANOVA. All tests incorporated the complex sampling survey design. ^‡From linear regression models with the number of meals as continuous result and indicator variables in the table as predictors except for height-for-age and BMI-for-age. The estimates for education come from a model that excludes the wealth index and food security, which could be on the causal path. The wealth index estimates excluded food security. § According to the WHO [48]. | The wealth index is a composite measure of a household’s cumulative living standard. The wealth index is calculated using easy-to-collect data on a household’s ownership of selected assets such as televisions and bicycles, materials used for housing construction, type of water supply, and sanitation facilities. ¶ Bogotá, Barranquilla, Medellín, CAli.