Lipoprotein Levels in Early Adulthood and NAFLD in Midlife: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Table 3
Y25 characteristics of NAFLD-eligible participants by concordance/discordance groups Based on medians of ApoB/TG levels [the CARDIA study (2010–2011)].
Y25 characteristics
Baseline ApoB/TG concordance/Discordance groups
value
Low/Low
Low/High
High/Low
High/High
N (%)
861 (32.3)
465 (17.4)
480 (18.0)
859 (32.2)
Age, years
49.9 (3.7)
49.7 (3.8)
50.2 (3.6)
50.4 (3.6)
0.003
Waist circumference, cm
91.4 (15.2)
95.1 (16.7)
93.5 (14.6)
98.0 (16.0)
<0.0001
BMI, kg/m2
29.6 (7.3)
30.4 (7.6)
30.5 (6.9)
31.2 (7.0)
<0.0001
Obesity (BMI>30), %
341 (39.6)
208 (44.7)
219 (45.6)
434 (50.5)
<0.0001
Current smoking, %
124 (14.6)
68 (14.9)
52 (11.0)
143 (16.8)
0.04
Alcohol drinker, %
438 (51.4)
269 (58.6)
234 (49.4)
453 (53.1)
0.03
Physical activity, exercise unit†
336.7 (277.2)
346.9 (278.5)
316.6 (270.1)
336.6 (274.5)
0.39
Education, years
15.3 (2.7)
15.1 (2.7)
15.0 (2.4)
14.9 (2.8)
0.01
Systolic BP, mmHg
119.0 (16.1)
120.0 (17.6)
118.5 (14.6)
120.5 (15.6)
0.09
Diastolic BP, mmHg
74.0 (11.2)
75.4 (12.1)
74.6 (10.8)
75.6 (10.8)
0.02
Hypertension, %
255 (29.7)
163 (35.1)
160 (33.3)
347 (40.4)
<0.0001
Fasting glucose, mg/dL
95.2 (22.2)
99.6 (26.8)
97.4 (22.3)
104.7 (38.2)
<0.0001
Diabetes‡, %
63 (7.4)
52 (11.3)
41 (8.6)
138 (16.1)
<0.0001
Lipid-lowering medication, %
21 (2.7)
15 (3.6)
52 (11.8)
119 (15.5)
<0.0001
Lipids, mg/dL
LDL-C
102.4 (26.6)
103.2 (30.0)
122.3 (32.4)
122.0 (35.7)
<0.0001
NHDL-C
120.4 (30.7)
128.8 (35.6)
140.7 (35.3)
148.5 (39.9)
<0.0001
HDL-C
61.6 (17.7)
56.6 (18.8)
60.4 (16.5)
53.2 (16.4)
<0.0001
Triglycerides
90.5 (65.9)
131.5 (98.7)
92.1 (52.3)
136.5 (102.3)
<0.0001
Total cholesterol
182.0 (31.0)
185.5 (35.2)
201.1 (36.9)
201.8 (39.9)
<0.0001
Liver attenuation, HU
57.5 (10.2)
54.7 (13.0)
57.0 (10.8)
53.4 (12.9)
<0.0001
Any NAFLD§
145 (16.8)
120 (25.8)
87 (18.1)
272 (31.7)
<0.0001
Moderate-severe NAFLD||
55 (6.4)
56 (12.0)
28 (5.8)
125 (14.6)
<0.0001
Values shown are in mean (SD) or number (%). The median was 88.0 mg/dL for ApoB and 60.0 mg/dL for TG. Overall values for comparison across groups were determined using analysis of variance for continuous variables, χ2 test for categorical variables, or Kruskal–Wallis test for nonparametric variables. †Physical activity was assessed using a standard instrument; energy expenditure for moderate and vigorous activities was calculated in exercise units. ‡Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or use of antidiabetic medication. §Any NAFLD was defined as LA < 51 HU after exclusion for other causes of liver fat. ||Moderate-severe NAFLD was defined as LA ≤ 40 HU after exclusion for other causes of liver fat.
