Association of Human Intestinal Microbiota with Lifestyle Activity, Adiposity, and Metabolic Profiles in Thai Children with Obesity

Table 1

Demographic data of obese participants (n = 164).

Parameters
Age, years	10.4 ± 2.2
Male gender (%)	59
Total nutrient intake
Energy intake (kcal/day)	1,450 ± 537.9
Protein intake (g/kg/day)	1.6 ± 0.6
Dietary fiber (g/1,000 kcal)	2.8 ± 2
Fat intake (g/day)	56.1 ± 25
Energy distribution (%C : P : F)	48 : 16 : 36
Exercise
Low intensity (min/wk)^1	75 (0, 150)
Moderate intensity (min/wk)^2	60 (5.5, 150)
Sedentary activity (hr/day)	4 (2, 7)
BMI for age z-score	3.2 ± 1
Waist circumference (cm)	89.7 ± 10.7
SBP (mmHg)	116 ± 10
Acanthosis nigricans (%)	80
Body composition (BIA)
FMI (kg/m^2)	11.8 ± 2.9
FFMI (kg/m^2)	16.1 ± 2.1
Body fat percentage (%)	41.7 ± 5.5
Trunk FMI (kg/m^2)	5.7 ± 1.4
VFA (cm^2)	129.4 ± 40.3
Metabolic profiles
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	189.6 ± 31.7
LDL-C (mg/dL)	128.9 ± 31.6
HDL-C (mg/dL)	51.2 ± 9.6
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	101.6 ± 41.8
ALT (U/L)	30.4 ± 24.9
FPG (mg/dL)	82.6 ± 5.9
FI (mU/L)	14.5 ± 13.4
HOMA-IR	3.0 ± 2.7

Data shows means ± SD, median (Q1, Q3), or %. ¹Low intensity (min/wk) was walking from home to school or walking from one place to another for at least 10 minutes. ²Moderate intensity (min/wk) was brisk walking or riding a bicycle continuously for at least 10 minutes. Sedentary activity was defined as a type of lifestyle involving little or no physical activity. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; BIA: bioelectrical impedance analysis; C: cholesterol; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; FI: fasting insulin; FMI: fat mass index = fat mass (kg)/height (m²); FFMI: fat-free mass index = fat-free mass (kg)/height (m²); HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; VFA: visceral fat area.