<i  >Background</i>. The magnitude and duration of postprandial blood glucose (PPG) elevations are important risk factors of diabetes and coronary heart diseases. <i  >Aim</i>. To study PPG after ingestion of breads with and without pea fibre and rapeseed oil. <i  >Methods</i>. After fasting overnight, 10 Pakistani immigrant women participated in three experiments having a crossover design and involving ingestion of various types of bread: regular coarse bread or fibre enriched-bread with two levels of rapeseed oil, all providing 25&#x2009;g available carbohydrates (CHO). Blood glucose and satiety were determined before the meal and every 15 min over the next 2 hours. <i  >Results</i>. Intake of an amount of pea fibre-enriched bread containing 25&#x2009;g CHO attenuated, the postprandial peak glucose value, the incremental area under the glucose versus time curve during 15 to 75&#x2009;min, and the glycemic profile, and increased duration of satiety (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.27pt;width:43.337502px;" id="M1" height="10.1" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 43.337502 10.1" width="43.337502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.1)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-63.92)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.24)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">𝑃</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="9.7621679" y="0">&lt;</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="20.555471" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="23.357471" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="28.961472" y="0">5</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>), as compared with intake of regular bread with 25&#x2009;g carbohydrate. <i  >Conclusion</i>. Pea fibre-enriched breads can reduce PPG and prolong satiety.

Marianne S. H. Lunde

Victoria T. Hjellset

Gerd Holmboe-Ottesen

Arne T. H&#248;stmark

Variations in Postprandial Blood Glucose Responses and Satiety after Intake of Three Types of Bread

The metabolic syndrome, affecting a substantial and increasing percentage of the worldwide population, is comprised of a cluster of symptoms associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic conditions. Mind-body modalities based on Eastern philosophy, such as yoga, tai chi, qigong, and meditation, have become increasingly popular worldwide. These complementary therapies have many reported benefits for improving symptoms and physiological measures associated with the metabolic syndrome. However, clinical trial data concerning the effectiveness of these practices on the syndrome as a whole have not been evaluated using a systematic and synthesizing approach. A systematic review was conducted to critically evaluate the data from clinical trials examining the efficacy of mind-body therapies as supportive care modalities for management of the metabolic syndrome. Three clinical trials addressing the use of mind-body therapies for management of the metabolic syndrome were identified. Findings from the studies reviewed support the potential clinical effectiveness of mind-body practices in improving indices of the metabolic syndrome.

Joel G. Anderson

Ann Gill Taylor

The Metabolic Syndrome and Mind-Body Therapies: A Systematic Review

<i>Objective</i>. To investigate whether the Glycemic Index (GI) or Glycemic Load (GL) of a diet is associated with C-reactive Protein (CRP) and risk of type 2 diabetes in a prospective study. <i>Materials and Methods</i>. Our analysis included 4,366 participants who did not have diabetes at baseline. During follow-up 456 diabetes cases were confirmed. Dietary GI and GL were derived from a food-frequency questionnaire and its association with CRP was examined cross-sectionally using linear regression models. The association of GI and GL with diabetes incidence was examined using Cox proportional hazard models. <i>Results</i>. GL, but not GI, was associated with lnCRP at baseline (<svg style="vertical-align:-3.41936pt;width:71.400002px;" id="M1" height="16.487499" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 71.400002 16.487499" width="71.400002" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path id="x1D44F" d="M452 333q0 -82 -46 -164t-116 -128q-81 -53 -158 -53q-26 0 -51 13t-37 32q-26 41 -6 134l91 431q7 40 2.5 47t-34.5 7h-33l2 25q36 4 72.5 13t58.5 15.5t28 6.5q10 0 4 -29l-91 -391h2q65 77 130 116.5t105 39.5q36 0 56.5 -32t20.5 -83zM365 316q0 76 -35 76&#xA;q-31 0 -93.5 -49t-107.5 -110q-12 -37 -17 -70q-9 -65 12 -96.5t59 -31.5q31 0 56 14q53 29 89.5 105t36.5 162z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,8.038,16.25)"><path id="x47" d="M692 302v-28q-45 -6 -54.5 -17t-9.5 -55v-86q0 -62 7 -95q-7 -2 -32 -7.5l-37 -8l-35.5 -7.5t-40.5 -7t-38.5 -4t-40.5 -2q-165 0 -266 93t-101 243q0 84 32 151t86 108t121.5 63t142.5 22q29 0 62.5 -4t52 -7.5t47.5 -10.5t31 -7l15 -156l-28 -6q-17 87 -66.5 121.5&#xA;t-128.5 34.5q-117 0 -191 -80.5t-74 -216.5q0 -56 17 -110t49.5 -100.5t87.5 -74.5t124 -28q53 0 87 17q17 9 24.5 23t7.5 43v85q0 54 -15.5 67.5t-89.5 18.5v28h254z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,16.545,16.25)"><path id="x4C" d="M495 163l30 -6q-19 -99 -36 -157h-453v28q63 5 77.5 20t14.5 78v400q0 63 -13 77t-75 19v28h261v-28q-61 -5 -74.5 -19t-13.5 -77v-395q0 -41 5 -59t18 -25q24 -13 96 -13q85 0 112 31q30 33 51 98z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.288,12.162)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.974,12.162)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,51.134,12.162)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,55.01,12.162)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,63.169,12.162)"><use xlink:href="#x31" /></g></svg> per 50 units; <svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:50.549999px;" id="M2" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.549999 11.375" width="50.549999" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D443" d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5&#xA;t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x31" /></g></svg>). When comparing the highest to the lowest tertile of GI with respect to diabetes incidence, a Relative Risk (RR) of 0.95 [95%CI 0.75, 1.21] was found after adjustment for lifestyle and nutritional factors. For GL the RR for diabetes incidence was 1.00 [95%CI 0.74, 1.36]. Additional adjustment for CRP did not change RRs. 
<i>Conclusion</i>. Since GI was not associated with CRP and risk of type 2 diabetes, it is unlikely that a high GI diet induces the previously shown positive association between CRP and risk of type 2 diabetes by increasing CRP concentrations. 


Geertruida J. van Woudenbergh

Anneleen Kuijsten

Eric J. G. Sijbrands

Albert Hofman

Jacqueline C. M. Witteman

Edith J. M. Feskens

Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load and Their Association with C-Reactive Protein and Incident Type 2 Diabetes

We found that Chongkukjang, traditional unsalted fermented soybean, has an antiobesity effect in mice with diet-induced obesity and examined the changes in hepatic transcriptional profiles using cDNA microarray. High-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups: normal-diet control group (NDcon, 10&#37; of total energy from fat), high-fat diet control group (HDcon, 45&#37; of total energy from fat), and HDcon plus 40&#37; Chongkukjang (HDC) and were fed for 9 weeks. The HDC group mice were pair-fed (isocalorie) with mice in the HDcon group. Final body weight, epididymal fat accumulation, serum total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol were improved in HDC group.  The cDNA microarray analyses revealed marked alterations in the expression of about 800 genes. Several genes involved in fatty acid catabolism (Acaa2, Mgll, Phyh, Slc27a2, and Slc27a5) were normalized by Chongkukjang consumption. This study showed beneficial effects of Chongkukjang consumption in preventing diet-induced obesity and related metabolic abnormalities.

JuRyoun Soh

Dae Young Kwon

Youn-Soo Cha

Hepatic Gene Expression Profiles Are Altered by Dietary Unsalted Korean Fermented Soybean (Chongkukjang) Consumption in Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity

Several factors, including fruit and vegetables intakes, have been shown to significantly influence the plasma concentrations of the two antioxidants vitamin C and &#x003b2;-carotene. Deficiency levels of 6&#x2009;mg/L (34.2&#x2009;&#x003bc;M) for vitamin C and of 0.22&#x2009;mg/L (0.4&#x2009;&#x003bc;M) for &#x003b2;-carotene have been suggested below which cardiovascular risk might be increased. The present study performed on 897 presumably healthy subjects aged 40&#x02013;60 years aimed to examine how modifiable lifestyle factors may be related to vitamin C and/or &#x003b2;-carotene deficiency. Gender, smoking, lack of regular physical activity and of daily fruit consumption (&#x02265;2/day), and social status (in particular, unemployment) were found to be significant risk factors for vitamin C deficiency. For &#x003b2;-carotene deficiency, the same factors were identified except social status; moreover, overweight and OC use in women were also found to have a deleterious effect. For non exposed subjects, the probability of developing vitamin C deficiency was 4&#x00025; in men and 2.4&#x00025; in women. This probability increased to 66.3&#x00025; for men and to 44.3&#x00025; for women (and even to 50.4&#x00025; under OC use), when all risk factors were present. For &#x003b2;-carotene deficiency, the corresponding probabilities were equal to 29.7&#x00025; in men and 13.7&#x00025; in women (no risk factor present), and to 86.1&#x00025; for men and 69.9&#x00025; (91.6&#x00025; for OC use) for women (all factors present), respectively.

Jo&#235;l Pincemail

Sophie Vanbelle

Fabien Degrune

Jean-Paul Cheramy-Bien

Corinne Charlier

Jean-Paul Chapelle

Didier Giet

George Collette

Adelin Albert

Jean-Olivier Defraigne

Lifestyle Behaviours and Plasma Vitamin C and <svg style="vertical-align:-2.79825pt" height="15.25" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.5625 15.25" width="9.5625" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.712)"><path id="x1D737" d="M54 -114l114 487q24 102 62.5 165t102.5 109q53 38 129 38q51 0 86 -33.5t35 -84.5q0 -57 -31.5 -105t-81.5 -68v-2q88 -14 88 -126q0 -64 -29 -127q-29 -62 -90 -107q-62 -44 -143 -44q-67 0 -97 18l-28 -124q-11 -51 -26 -87h-117q9 19 26 91zM304 480l-87 -393&#xA;q0 -29 19 -44t48 -15q63 0 110 74q46 74 46 153q0 117 -52 117q-6 0 -23.5 -3t-21.5 -3q-33 0 -33 25q0 15 15 25.5t41 10.5q8 0 30 -6q27 -5 28 -5q26 0 41 43t15 89q0 39 -17.5 62t-44.5 23q-46 0 -71 -35.5t-43 -117.5z" /></g></svg>-Carotene Levels from the ELAN Population (Li&#xE8;ge, Belgium)

Synergy1, a prebiotic composed of Inulin and Oligofructose (1&#x2009;:&#x2009;1). Soybean meal is a natural source of isoflavones. The objective was to investigate the effects of feeding Synergy1 and SM on the incidence of azoxymethane- (AOM-) induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Fisher 344 male rats. Rats (54) were randomly assigned to 9 groups (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:36.237499px;" id="M1" height="11.225" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 36.237499 11.225" width="36.237499"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg>). Control group (C) was fed AIN-93G and treatment groups Syn1 and SM at 5&#x25; and 10&#x25; singly and in combinations. Rats were injected with two s/c injections of AOM at 7 and 8 weeks of age at 16&#x2009;mg/kg body weight and killed at 17 weeks by CO<sub  >2</sub> asphyxiation. Colonic ACF enumeration and hepatic enzyme activities were measured. Reductions (&#x25;) in total ACF among treatment groups fed combinations were higher (67&#x2013;77) compared to groups fed singly (52&#x2013;64). Synergistic mechanisms among phytochemicals may be responsible suggesting protective role in colon carcinogenesis with implications in food product development.

V. P. Gourineni

M. Verghese

J. Boateng

L. Shackelford

K. N Bhat

Chemopreventive Potential of Synergy1 and Soybean in Reducing Azoxymethane-Induced Aberrant Crypt Foci  in Fisher 344 Male Rats

The FGF family comprises twenty-two structurally related proteins with functions in development and metabolism. The <i  >Fgf21</i> gene was generated early in vertebrate evolution. FGF21 acts as an endocrine regulator in lipid metabolism. Hepatic <i  >Fgf21</i> expression is markedly induced in mice by fasting or a ketogenic diet. Experiments with <i  >Fgf21</i> transgenic mice and cultured cells indicate that FGF21 exerts pharmacological effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in hepatocytes and adipocytes via cell surface FGF receptors. However, experiments with <i  >Fgf21</i> knockout mice indicate that FGF21 inhibits lipolysis in adipocytes during fasting and attenuates torpor induced by a ketogenic diet but maybe not a physiological regulator for these hepatic functions. These findings suggest the pharmacological effects to be distinct from the physiological roles. Serum FGF21 levels are increased in patients with metabolic diseases having insulin resistance, indicating that FGF21 is a metabolic regulator and a biomarker for these diseases.

Yusuke Murata

Morichika Konishi

Nobuyuki Itoh

FGF21 as an Endocrine Regulator in Lipid Metabolism: From Molecular Evolution to Physiology and Pathophysiology

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<p><em>Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism</em> publishes original research articles and&nbsp;review articles covering the broad and multidisciplinary field of human nutrition and metabolism.</p>


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Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism publishes original research articles and review articles covering the broad and multidisciplinary field of human nutrition and metabolism.

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism