<i>Objective.</i> This study investigated the treatment outcomes and determinant factors likely to be associated with recovery rate. <i>Methods.</i> A retrospective chart review (RCR) was performed on 348 patients who were enrolled in the outpatient care (OPC) during the study period. <i>Results.</i> Of the 348 cases, 33.6&#x25; recovered (having MUAC <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-1.158951pt" id="M1" height="9.16851pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.00956 8.07242 9.16851" width="8.07242pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g54-94" d="M552 293V344L59 566V507L489 319L59 131V72L552 293ZM552 -41V12H59V-41H552Z"/></g></svg>125&#x2009;mm), 49.1&#x25; defaulted, and 11.5&#x25; transferred to other OPC units to continue with treatment. There were 187 (53.7&#x25;) males and 161 (46.3&#x25;) females with severe malnutrition. The average weight gain rate was 28&#x2009;g/kg/day. Controlling for other factors, patients who completed the treatment plan had 3.2 times higher probability of recovery from severe acute malnutrition (SAM) as compared to patients who defaulted (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.2, 95&#x25; CI = 1.9, 5.3, and <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.32502pt" id="M2" height="11.6608pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.33578 51.7247 11.6608" width="51.7247pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g50-113" d="M573 302C573 402 527 451 414 451C386 451 343 446 313 437L330 513L320 522C295 508 261 484 243 463L230 415C194 400 159 383 126 359L131 330C159 344 187 357 222 368L109 -147C96 -204 80 -214 18 -223L13 -255L256 -244L259 -212L236 -210C184 -205 180 -195 191 -141L219 -1C240 -10 268 -12 284 -12C352 4 431 48 484 104C543 166 573 240 573 302ZM481 290C481 165 381 37 305 37C280 37 249 56 235 71L302 395C328 399 353 402 372 402C427 402 481 378 481 290Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.438,0)"><path id="g54-91" d="M530 -6V57L144 261V263L530 468V530L81 290V234L530 -6Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.056,0)"><path id="g50-49" d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.387,0)"><path id="g50-47" d="M117 -12C153 -12 178 12 178 50C178 84 153 110 118 110C84 110 59 84 59 50C59 12 84 -12 117 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.468,0)"><use xlink:href="#g50-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.799,0)"><use xlink:href="#g50-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.13,0)"><path id="g50-50" d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z"/></g></svg>). The children aged 24&#x2013;59 months had 5.8 times higher probability of recovery from SAM as compared to children aged 6&#x2013;11 months (AOR = 5.8, 95&#x25; CI = 2.5, 10.6, and <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.32502pt" id="M3" height="11.6608pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.33578 51.7247 11.6608" width="51.7247pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g50-113"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.438,0)"><use xlink:href="#g54-91"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.056,0)"><use xlink:href="#g50-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.387,0)"><use xlink:href="#g50-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.468,0)"><use xlink:href="#g50-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.799,0)"><use xlink:href="#g50-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.13,0)"><use xlink:href="#g50-50"/></g></svg>). <i>Conclusions.</i> Cure rate was low and the default rate was quite high. Children who were diagnosed as having marasmus on admission stayed longer before recovery than their kwashiorkor counterparts. Younger children were of greater risk of nonrecovery.

Mahama Saaka

Shaibu Mohammed Osman

Anthony Amponsem

Juventus B. Ziem

Alhassan Abdul-Mumin

Prosper Akanbong

Ernestina Yirkyio

Eliasu Yakubu

Sean Ervin

Treatment Outcome of Severe Acute Malnutrition Cases at the Tamale Teaching Hospital

The training regimens of modern-day athletes have evolved from the sole emphasis on a single fitness component (e.g., endurance athlete or resistance/strength athlete) to an integrative, multimode approach encompassing all four of the major fitness components: resistance (R), interval sprints (I), stretching (S), and endurance (E) training. Athletes rarely, if ever, focus their training on only one mode of exercise but instead routinely engage in a multimode training program. In addition, timed-daily protein (P) intake has become a hallmark for all athletes. Recent studies, including from our laboratory, have validated the effectiveness of this multimode paradigm (RISE) and protein-feeding regimen, which we have collectively termed PRISE. Unfortunately, sports nutrition recommendations and guidelines have lagged behind the PRISE integrative nutrition and training model and therefore limit an athletes&#x2019; ability to succeed. Thus, it is the purpose of this review to provide a clearly defined roadmap linking specific performance enhancing diets (PEDs) with each PRISE component to facilitate optimal nourishment and ultimately optimal athletic performance.

Paul J. Arciero

Vincent J. Miller

Emery Ward

Performance Enhancing Diets and the PRISE Protocol to Optimize Athletic Performance

<i>Background.</i> Over the past two decades there has been an increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children. Baseline data is needed to assess the impact of changing lifestyles on Ado-Ekiti, a previously semiurban community in Southwest Nigeria. This study was therefore conducted to assess the fasting blood glucose (FBG) of adolescents in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. <i>Methodology.</i> This was a cross-sectional study involving 628 adolescents from three different secondary schools in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. With parental consent, volunteers completed a structured questionnaire, and an overnight FBG was measured. <i>Results.</i> There were 346 males and 282 females (male&#x2009;: female ratio = 1.2&#x2009;:&#x2009;1). Their ages ranged from 10 to 19 years (mean age: <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3625803pt" id="M1" height="9.06134pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 52.9769 9.06134" width="52.9769pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,6.503,0)"><path id="g113-53" d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,13.006,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,16.096,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,25.627,0)"><path id="g117-37" d="M535 290V340H323V533H265V340H52V290H265V84H323V290H535ZM535 -22V28H52V-22H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,36.607,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,43.111,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,46.2,0)"><path id="g113-56" d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z"/></g></svg> years). Four hundred and forty-four (70.7&#x25;) had normal FBG, while 180 (28.7&#x25;) and 4 (0.6&#x25;) had FBG in the prediabetic and diabetic range, respectively. Female gender, age group 10&#x2013;14 years, and family history of obesity were significantly associated with impaired FBG (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04981995pt" id="M2" height="9.04777pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 8.4902 9.04777" width="8.4902pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-81" d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z"/></g></svg> value &#x3c;0.001, &#x3c;0.001, and 0.045, resp.). <i>Conclusion.</i> Impaired FBG is common among secondary school adolescents and it is more prevalent among younger female adolescents (10&#x2013;14 years) with positive family history of obesity.

I. O. Oluwayemi

S. J. Brink

E. E. Oyenusi

O. A. Oduwole

M. A. Oluwayemi

Fasting Blood Glucose Profile among Secondary School Adolescents in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

<i>Objective</i>. Fructose intake from added sugars correlates with the epidemic rise in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. However, consumption of beverages containing fructose is allowed during gestation. Recently, we found that an intake of fructose (10&#x25; wt/vol) throughout gestation produces an impaired fetal leptin signalling. Therefore, we have investigated whether maternal fructose intake produces subsequent changes in their progeny. <i>Methods</i>. Blood samples from fed and 24&#x2009;h fasted female and male 90-day-old rats born from fructose-fed, glucose-fed, or control mothers were used. <i>Results</i>. After fasting, HOMA-IR and ISI (estimates of insulin sensitivity) were worse in male descendents from fructose-fed mothers in comparison to the other two groups, and these findings were also accompanied by a higher leptinemia. Interestingly, plasma AOPP and uricemia (oxidative stress markers) were augmented in male rats from fructose-fed mothers compared to the animals from control or glucose-fed mothers. In contrast, female rats did not show any differences in leptinemia between the three groups. Further, insulin sensitivity was significantly improved in fasted female rats from carbohydrate-fed mothers. In addition, plasma AOPP levels tended to be diminished in female rats from carbohydrate-fed mothers. <i>Conclusion</i>. Maternal fructose intake induces insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, and plasma oxidative stress in male, but not female, progeny.

Lourdes Rodr&#xed;guez

Paola Otero

Mar&#xed;a I. Panadero

Silvia Rodrigo

Juan J. &#xc1;lvarez-Mill&#xe1;n

Carlos Bocos

Maternal Fructose Intake Induces Insulin Resistance and Oxidative Stress in Male, but Not Female, Offspring

The aim was to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight among students in the Kumasi metropolis. In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 500 students aged 10 to 20 years were examined from two junior high schools selected by multistage sampling technique and three randomly selected senior high schools. Height and weight were measured in all participants and the body mass index (BMI) of each individual was calculated. Body mass index classes were calculated according to the International Obesity Task Force standards. Out of the 500 students, 290 (58.00&#x25;) were males and 210 (42.00&#x25;) were females. The prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity was 7.40&#x25;, 79.60&#x25;, 12.20&#x25;, and 0.80&#x25;, respectively. Overweight was more prevalent among students than obesity. There is therefore the need to establish effective public health promotion campaigns among students in order to curtail future implications on health.

D. B. Kumah

K. O. Akuffo

J. E. Abaka-Cann

D. E. Affram

E. A. Osae

Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Students in the Kumasi Metropolis

<i>Objective</i>. To assess awareness, barriers, and promoters of plant-based diet use for management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) for the development of an appropriate educational program. <i>Design</i>. Cross-sectional study of patients and healthcare providers. <i>Setting</i>. Regional Diabetes Education Centre in ON, Canada. <i>Participants</i>. <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2130003pt" id="M1" height="8.91176pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 35.534 8.91176" width="35.534pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-111" d="M495 86L479 114C446 82 419 66 409 66C401 66 401 72 406 97C420 166 436 231 453 297C489 435 454 448 428 448C406 448 384 439 354 422C305 394 222 327 161 247H159L183 345C200 415 194 448 173 448C143 448 82 410 23 351L38 325C64 349 95 371 105 371C111 371 116 365 109 336L25 -4L31 -12C50 -4 77 3 107 9C119 69 132 122 145 168C197 254 321 381 370 381C387 381 393 374 378 305L329 95C309 17 320 -12 345 -12C372 -12 430 19 495 86Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,10.586,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.324,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,28.829,0)"><path id="g113-57" d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z"/></g></svg> patients attending the Diabetes Education Centre and <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2130003pt" id="M2" height="8.91176pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 35.534 8.91176" width="35.534pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-111"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,10.586,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.324,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,28.827,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g></svg> healthcare providers. <i>Variables Measures</i>. Patient questionnaires addressed demographics, health history, and eating patterns, as well as current knowledge, confidence levels, barriers to, promoters of, and interests in plant-based diets. Staff questionnaires addressed attitudes and current practice with respect to plant-based diets. <i>Analysis</i>. Mean values, frequency counts, and logistic regression (alpha = 0.05). <i>Results</i>. Few respondents (9%) currently followed a plant-based diet, but 66% indicated willingness to follow one for 3 weeks. Family eating preferences and meal planning skills were common barriers to diet change. 72% of healthcare providers reported knowledge of plant-based diets for diabetes management but low levels of practice. <i>Conclusions and Implications</i>. Patient awareness of the benefits of a plant-based diet for the management of diabetes remains suboptimal and may be influenced by perception of diabetes educators and clinicians. Given the reported willingness to try (but low current use of) plant-based diets, educational interventions targeting patient and provider level knowledge are warranted.

Vincent Lee

Taylor McKay

Chris I. Ardern

Awareness and Perception of Plant-Based Diets for the Treatment and Management of Type 2 Diabetes in a Community Education Clinic: A Pilot Study

<i>Objectives</i>. To determine the dietary patterns of middle-aged Thais and their association with metabolic syndrome (MetS).<i> Methods</i>. The Thai National Health Examination Survey IV data of 5,872 participants aged &#x2265;30&#x2013;59 years were used. Dietary patterns were obtained by factor analysis and their associations with Mets were examined using multiple logistic regression.<i> Results</i>. Three major dietary patterns were identified. The first, meat pattern, was characterized by a high intake of red meat, processed meat, and fried food. The second, healthy pattern, equated to a high intake of beans, vegetables, wheat, and dairy products. The third, high carbohydrate pattern, had a high intake of glutinous rice, fermented fish, chili paste, and bamboo shoots. Respondents with a healthy pattern were more likely to be female, higher educated, and urban residents. The carbohydrate pattern was more common in the northeast and rural areas. Compared with the lowest quartile, the highest quartile of carbohydrate pattern was associated with MetS (adjusted odds ratio: 1.82; 95&#x25; CI 1.31, 2.55 in men and 1.60; 95&#x25; CI 1.24, 2.08 in women), particularly among those with a low level of leisure time physical activity (LTPA).<i> Conclusion</i>. The carbohydrate pattern with low level of LTPA increased the odds of MetS.

W. Aekplakorn

W. Satheannoppakao

P. Putwatana

S. Taneepanichskul

P. Kessomboon

V. Chongsuvivatwong

S. Chariyalertsak

Dietary Pattern and Metabolic Syndrome in Thai Adults

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<p><em>Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism</em> publishes original research articles and&nbsp;review articles covering the broad and multidisciplinary field of human nutrition and metabolism.</p>


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<p dir="ltr"><em>Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism&nbsp;</em>maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.</p>


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Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism publishes original research articles and review articles covering the broad and multidisciplinary field of human nutrition and metabolism.

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism