Responses of Algal Cells to Engineered Nanoparticles Measured as Algal Cell Population, Chlorophyll a, and Lipid Peroxidation: Effect of Particle Size and Type

Table 1

Nanoparticles used in the present study.

Type	Name	Source	Method of production	ID	Density (g/cc)^a	Surface area (m^2/g)	Surface charge (pHpzc)^b	Diameter (nm)^c
Silica dioxide (SiO2)	Aerosil 90	Degussa Corp.	Continuous flame hydrolysis	Aero90	2.2	76.5	2.0	35.6
	Aerosil 130	Degussa Corp.		Aero130	2.2	105.1		26
	Aerosil 200	Degussa Corp.		Aero200	2.2	190.6		14.3
	Aerosil 300	Degussa Corp.		Aero300	2.2	284.8		9.6
	Standard alumina powder	Allied High Tech Products	Proprietary calcining	Std Al	3.69	24.1		67.5
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)	Alumina			Al1520	3.69	92.3	8.2–9.1	17.6
	Gamma alumina powder, type N	Allied High Tech Products	Proprietary calcining	Al γ-α	3.69	102.9		15.8
	8–840			8-840	3.9	7.5		204.1
	9–780		Temperature annealing	9-780	3.9	12.6 ± 0.9c		122.3
	7–660	University of Delaware		7-660	3.9	33.6		45.8
	SL1		Sol-gel	SL1	3.9	36.2		42.5
	10–600		Temperature annealing	10-600	3.9	36.6		42
Titanium dioxide (TiO2)	P25	Degussa Corp.	Liquid-gas phase synthesis	P25	3.9	44.0 ± 2.9c	5.4–6.5	35.1
	SL2	University of Delaware	Sol-gel	SL2	3.9	87.7		30.3
	Wo5	Dong et al. [63]	Reverse micelle	Wo5	3.9			18.7
	Reade 5	Nanostructured and Amorphous Materials, Inc.	Wet-chemistry precipitation	R5	3.9	290.5 ± 8.2c		5.3
	Reade 10	Nanostructured and Amorphous Materials, Inc.	Wet-chemistry precipitation	R10	3.9	319.3		4.8
	U100	Sachtleben Chemicals	Sol-gel	U1100	3.9	322.4		4.8

a: references for NP density: (TiO₂) [31], [63]; (SiO₂) [64] (Al₂O₃) [64, 65].
b: references for surface charges (Al₂O₃ and SiO₂) [30]; (TiO₂) [66].
c: diameter of NP calculated from 𝑟=3/(𝜌×Σ×10⁶); where 𝑟 is the diameter of the particle (nm), 𝜌 is the density of the particle (g/cm³), and Σ is the specific surface area of the NP (m²/g) measured by N₂-BET.
d: 9–780, P25, and R5 were measured in triplicate ±1 standard deviation shown.