Nanocatalysis: Academic Discipline and Industrial Realities

Table 1

Overview of top-down and bottom-up approaches used for the synthesis of nanoparticles (based on [26, 86, 99, 102–106]).

Top-down technologies	Bottom-up technologies
(i) Mechanical grinding; (ii) Metal vapor; (iii) Thermal breakdown; (iv) Chemical breakdown; (v) Spontaneous chemisorption	(i) Sol-gel; (ii) Chemical reduction of salts; (iii) Electrochemistry; (iv) Solvothermal processing; (v) Template-directed; (vi) Precipitation; (vii) Microemulsion; (viii) Microwave irradiation; (ix) Sonochemistry