Journal of Nanotechnology

Review Article

The Extraordinary Progress in Very Early Cancer Diagnosis and Personalized Therapy: The Role of Oncomarkers and Nanotechnology

Table 1

Genetic and epigenetic cancer biomarkers for targeting therapy.


Cancer	Clinical markers	⁢Molecular biomarkers		Anticancer targeting	Biblio.
		Genetic	Epigenetic

Colorectal	CEA HER1/EGFR	KRAS, APC	CpG, MLH1	Cetuximab, panitumumab, FOLFOX + bevacizumab	[1–3, 5, 6, 54–56, 66, 74, 78, 79, 88–90, 117, 144, 145]
		WNT, Tp53	TEPI2, SEPT9
		BRAF	>miR-22, 155
		SMAD4	>miR-17-3p, 92

Gastric GIST	CEA, CA10-9 RCAS	KIT, HER2	>miR-106a	Imatinib, trastuzumab Sunitinib, ramucirumab Cetuximab, panitumumab FOLFIRI + bevacizumab	[1, 3, 55, 65, 144, 145]
		MET, PDGF-R	<miR-31
		E-cadherin, VEGF	MS1
		mTOR, BAX, TFF1

Breast	CEA, Ki 67 CA-15,3, CA-27-29, estrogen and progest. recep.	HER2, HER3	GSTP1	Tamoxifen, docetaxel Paclitaxel, DXT Trastuzumab + T-DM1 Pertuzumab, lapatinib Bevacizumab	[1–3, 55, 56, 59, 60, 70, 117, 122, 126, 144–146]
		VEGF, EGFR	CDK13
		NY-BR-1	>miR-21, 155
		ING-1, CLLU1	RARβ2
		mTOR, IGHV	MINT-17, 31

Non-small-cell lung	CEA, CA-19,9 CA-15,3	EGFR, HER2	CDKN2A	Gefitinib, imatinib Erlotinib, bevacizumab Crizotinib, afatinib Pembrolizumab	[1, 3, 4, 16, 23, 25, 26, 55, 56, 72, 117, 119, 143–145]
		KRAS, Tp53	>miR-21, 155
		ALK-MET, BRAF, PK3CA
		RET, FGRG1, DDR2, ROS1

Prostate	PSA, PSMA, CEA, AFP androgen receptor	NKX3-1	PTEN>miR-21	Metformin Zoledronic acid Docetaxel	[1–3, 55, 56, 60, 64, 100, 101, 115, 117, 144–146, 148, 150]
		RB1, BRCA2	>miR-141
		ETS, Tp53	APC, MAPK
		PIK3CA, SPOP	ENDRB
		TMPRSS2-ERG	GSTP1

Chronic lymph. Leukemia	CD52, CAL-101	Tp53,	<miR-15a, 16, 1	Fostamatinib, ibrutinib Alentuzumab	[2, 3, 59, 60, 117]
		CLLU1, IGHV, ZAP-70

Chronic myeloid leukemia	BCR-ABL ATG48	KIT	>miR-15, 16	Imatinib, dasatinib Midostaurin, nilotinib	[1, 3, 27, 55, 59, 60, 117, 145]
		BCR-ABL1, PML/RARα
		PZFR/RARα, CBP/MOZ

Acute lymph. Leukemia	CD20, Ig/T-cell receptor	BCR-ABL1	>miR-155, 21	Asparaginase, imatinib	[1, 3, 60, 117, 145]
		IKZZF,	PTK7<miR-92a

Acute myeloid leukemia	CD33	AML1/ETO	>miR-191	ATRA (all-trans-retinoic) Gemtuzumab	[1, 3, 60, 116, 117]
		PML/RARα	>miR-199a

B and T non-Hodgkin lymphoma	B2M, Myc	ALK, mTOR	>miR-155	DXT, CYCLO, vincristine Rituximab, bortezomib	[3, 5, 55, 60, 116, 144, 152]
		CARD11	>mir-210, 21

Hodgkin lymphoma	CD30, HRS cell	SNPs	>miR-21, 155, 210	Brentuximab Rituximab	[116, 117]

Melanoma	S100B, TA-90 Tyrosinase CTLA-4	VEGF, BRAF KIT, MET-ALK PI3K/mTOR	MAPK MEK PTEN	Sorafenib, dabrafenib Imatinib, vemurafenib Trametinib, ipilimumab Pembrolizumab	[1–3, 7–9, 12, 13, 61, 62, 75, 146]

Ovarian	CEA, CA-125	PTEN, BRCA1/2	GATA4	Metformin Abagovomab Cediranib + olaparib	[18, 55, 68, 117, 120, 144, 145]
		Tp53, BRAF	WIFI, NTRK1 >miR-20, 200, 205, let-7f

Cervical	CEA, CA-125	Tp53, HER2, HPV	MAPK	Gardasil, bevacizumab	[55, 69, 144]

Pancreatic	CEA, BIA CA-19-9	HER1	>miR-155, 21	Sunitinib, everolimus Vismodegib	[55, 126, 144, 145, 152]
		mTOR	>miR-196a

Bladder	CEA, BTA NMP22	TSC1	HIC1, SLIT2	BCG, metformin Everolimus	[2, 28, 71, 84, 85]
		HSP90	RASAL, NDN

HCC	AFP, AFU, GP73, SCCA	EZH2	MGMT>miR-122	Sorafenib, metformin Ramucirumab	[54, 55, 67, 80, 82, 83, 104]
		TP53, CDKN2A	CTNNB1

Glioblastoma Glioma	GBM, EGFR CD133, Ki67	FGFR-TACC-3	MGMT	Temozolomide, gefitinib Erlotinib, bevacizumab	[55, 56, 91–93, 117]
		EGFR-SEP14	>miR-21

Renal	CD10, Ck7,20AO P1, CA9 ADFP, AQP1	VEGF, Tp53, mTOR	VHL	Sunitinib, sorafenib Bevacizumab, axitinib Pazopanib, everolimus	[105–112, 114, 117, 145]
		KIT, BRAF	SETD2, BAP1
		PDGF, PI3K	>miR-7g, 21