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S/N | Techniques | Some hybrid nanoparticle syntheses by the method | Main advantages | Disadvantages |
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(a) Chemical synthesis methods |
1 | Chemical reduction (CR) | Au-Pd-Pt, Au/TiO2, and Au-ZnO | Nanoparticles’ size and concentration can be tuned by controlling the synthetic. | Inability of both pure noble metals (NM) nanoparticles and hybrid nanoparticles to mix properly. |
2 | Photoreduction (PR) | Pd/TiO2, Ag/TiO2, Au/TiO2 | Simplicity of steps and versatility of application. | Presence of impurities |
3 | Sol-gel | Au/SiO2, CNT-Fe3O4, and silica-MWCNT | Obtaining a high surface area and stable surfaces thus improves adhesion between the substrate and the topcoat. | High cost of precursor. |
Low processing temperature (energy saving). | Long duration of the process. |
The aspect ratio. | Relatively low yield. |
Precisely controlled in size and internal structure. | |
4 | Hydrothermal | Pt/TiO2, Ag-ZnO | Ease in controlling the size and shape of nanoparticles. | High pressure and reaction temperature |
5 | Thermal decomposition | Pd-Fe3O4, Ag-TiO2 | High cost of equipment |
6 | Coprecipitation method | Au-Fe2O3, Au-NiO, Au-Co3O4, and Au-ZnO | Simple and effective. | It is inappropriate for the synthesis of a highly untainted, precise stoichiometric phase. |
7 | Sonochemical synthesis | Pd-CuO, Pd-TiO2 | It is faster, safer, less complicated, and eco-friendly. | Still, the mechanism is not well understood |
Au-TiO2 | Size distribution in narrow particles. |
8 | Seeding growth | Ag-Fe3O4 | It is a very effective method, especially in the case of dumbbell-like hybrid nanoparticles. | |
9 | Electrodeposition (ED) | Ni-graphene, Ni-TiN, Pt-Ru, Ni-TiO2, Ni-ZrO2, Ni-AlN, Ni-Al2O3, and Ni-Si3N4 | Process of rapid solidification. | Low temperature can lead to poor crystallinity. |
Cost-effectiveness and method adaptability. |
It is quick and has high purity. |
Low processing temperature (room temperature). |
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(b) Physical fabrications of hybrid nanoparticles |
10 | Laser-induced heating (laser ablation) | Ag-Al2O3, Cu-Cu2O | Highly pure colloids are produced with unique surface characteristics and without any by-products. | It requires a great amount of energy. |
NP colloids is often low, hence difficult to implement them on an industrial scale. |
Lack of control of the size and shape of the particles. |
11 | Atom beam cosputtering | Au-ZnO, Au-Ag | High purity | It is difficult to control the morphology of the formed nanoparticles |
Extensive energy requirement. |
12 | Ion implantation | Au-TiO2, Ag-TiO2 | | High energy demands. |
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(c) Biological fabrications of hybrid nanoparticles |
13 | Microbial incubation and plants extract | Fe-Pt, Co-Pt, Co-Fe, and Cd-Se. | Good reproducibility and scalability, high yield, and low cost | Slow and laborious |
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