A Perspective Review on Thermal Conductivity of Hybrid Nanofluids and Their Application in Automobile Radiator Cooling

Table 5

Summary of results from published literature on thermal conductivity of various hybrid nanofluids.

S/N	References authors	Thermal conductivity (TC) of hybrid composite element (W m^−1 K^−1)			Observation summary
		Material/base fluid	TC (K (W/m K))	Source	hnf with increased TC	(%)	T (°C)	Max % rise
1	Jana et al. [52]	CNTs	∼3000	[52]	CNT-CuNP/water			No effect on TC
		Cu	400	[52]
		Au	318	[52]	CNT-AuNP/water
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
2	Gupta et al. [73]	COOH-functionalized MWCNT	1500–3000	[121]	MWCNT-Cu/water			78.5
		Cu	401	[4]
		Ag	429	[3]
		Zn	116	[296]
		Fe	83.5	[4]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
3	Chakraborty et al. [46]	Cu	401	[4]	Cu-Al/W	0.80		16.07
		Al	237	[4]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
4	Akram et al. [103]	Ag	429	[103]	Ag-Au/water	0.6–2.0		71.53
		Au	318	[103]
		Water	0.613	[103]
5	Gupta et al. [104]	Zn	116	[296]	Zn-Fe2O4/water	0.50		11.80
		Fe2O4	9.7	[297]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
6	Pourrajab et al. [105]	Cu	401	[4]	Cu-SAB-15/water	0.08	50	24.24
		SAB-15	0.2-0.3	[298]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.613	[4]
7	Suresh et al. [57]	Cu	401	[4]	Cu-Al2O3/water	0.20		12.11
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.611	[57]
8	Suresh et al. [106]	Cu	401	[4]	Cu-Al2O3/water	0.10		1.20
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
9	Mehryan et al. [107]	Cu	401	[4]	Cu-Al2O3/water	2.00		1.20
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.613	[4]
10	Siddiqui et al. [44]	Cu	401	[4]	Cu-Al2O3/water
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[44]
11	Abbasi et al. [60]	MWCNT-γ	3000	[4]	MWCNT-γ-Al2O3/water	0.10	25	20.68
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.613	[4]
12	Nine et al. [109]	MWCNTs	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-Al2O3/water
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
13	Esfe et al. [110]	CNTs	3000	[110]	CNT-Al2O3/water
		Al2O3	40	[110]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
14	Devarajan et al. [111]	CNT	3007.4	[111]	CNT-Al2O3/water	2.00	60	20.00
		Al2O3	40	[111]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.613	[4]
15	Taherialekouhi et al. [108]	GO	1000	[156]	GO-Al2O3/water	1.00	50	39.30
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
16	Moghadam et al. [261]	GO	1000	[156]	GO-TO2/water	01.00	50	32.80
		TiO2	8.4	[222]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
17	Singh et al. [299]	GO	2000	[299]	GO-CuO/water	0.30	60	30.00
		CuO	33	[299]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
18	Zayan et al. [300]	GO	1000	[300]	rGO-TiO2-Ag	0.05	25–50	66.00
		rGO	1000	[301]
		Ag	429	[3]
		TiO2	8.4	[222]	GO-TiO2-Ag	0.05	25–50	83.00
		Deionized (DI) water	0.613	[4]
19	Ho et al. [55]	Al2O3	40	[4]	Al2O3-MEPCM/water	10.00		13.00
		MEPCM	0.15–0.35	[101]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
20	Moldoveanu et al. [112]	Al2O3	40	[4]	Al2O3-SiO2/water			23.61
		SiO2	1.4–12	[88, 302]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.586	[112]
21	Septiadi et al. [70]	Al2O3	40	[4]	Al2O3-TiO2/water	0.70		32.50
		TiO2	8.4	[222]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.586	[113]
22	Moldoveanu et al. [113]	Al2O3	40	[4]	Al2O3-TiO2/water		25	19.20
		TiO2	8.4	[222]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.586	[113]
23	Wanatasanapan et al. [114]	Al2O3	40	[4]	Al2O3-TiO2/water	1.00	70	71.00
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[219]
24	Minea [115]	Al2O3	40	[115]	Al2O3-SiO2/water			12.00
		SiO2	1.2	[115]
		TiO2	8.4	[115]	Al2O3-TiO2/water
		Pure water	0.613	[4]
25	Wole–Osho et al. [114]	Al2O3	40	[4]	Al2O3-ZnO/water	1.67	65	40.00
		ZnO	29	[303]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
26	Kamel et al. [117]	Al2O3	40	[4]	Al2O3-CeO2/water	0.50	50	8.80
		CeO2	12–14.1	[304]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[219]
27	Aparna et al. [118]	Ag	429	[3]	Ag-Al2O3/water	0.10	53	23.82
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
28	Khan [305]	Ag	419	[305]	Ag-TiO2/water	0.10	31	12.20
		TiO2	12	[305]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
29	Khan [259]	Ag	419	[305]	Ag-TiO2/water	0.4	60	18.47
		TiO2	12	[305]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
30	Baghbanzadeh et al. [56]	MWcNTs	∼3000	[4]	MWcNT-SiO2/water			nf = hnf
		SiO2	1.38	[56]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.6	[56]
31	Safi et al. [119]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-TiO2/water	0.08	52	13.71
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
32	Karimipour et al. [120]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-CuO/water	1.00	50	37.05
		CuO	76.5	[4]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.6	[120]
33	Rostami et al. [14]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-CuO/water	0.60	50	30.38
		CuO	76.5	[4]
		Water	0.613	[4]
34	Zadkhast et al. [121]	COOH-MWCNT	1500–3000	[121]	MWCNT-CuO/water	0.60	50	30.38
		CuO	32.9	[121]
		Pure water	0.613	[4]
35	Verma et al. [122]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-CuO/water	1.00		20.82
		CuO	76.5	[4]
		MgO	48	[237]
		Pure water	0.613	[4]
36	Senthilraja et al. [123]	CuO	32.9	[123]	CuO-Al2O3/water	0.20	60	9.80
		Al2O3	30	[123]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
37	Yarmand et al. [91]	GNP	∼3000	[4]	GNP-Ag/water	0.10	50	22.22
		Ag	429	[3]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
38	Megatif et al. [125]	CNT	∼2000–4000	[6]	CNT-TiO2/water	0.20	25	20.50
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
39	Dalkılıç et al. [126]	CNT	25	[126]	CNT-SiO2/water	1.00	60	26.29
		SiO2	1.4	[126]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
40	Sundar et al. [127]	Nanodiamond	3300	[265]	ND-Ni/water	3.00	60	29.39
		Ni	53.3	[306]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
41	Ramachandran et al. [124]	CuO	76.5	[4]	CuO-Al2O3/water	0.10		79.35
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[219]
42	Mousavi et al. [307]	CuO	69	[128]	CuO/MgO/TiO2/water	0.10	50	78.60
		TiO2	5.41	[128]
		MgO	5.11	[128]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
43	Mousavi et al. [128]	TiO2	5.407	[128]	MgO-TiO2/water	0.30	60	21.80
		MgO	5.112	[128]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
44	Esfe et al. [66]	Ag	429	[3]	Ag-MgO/water
		MgO	48	[237]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
45	Batmunkh et al. [129]	Ag	429	[3]	Ag-TiO2/water	1.00	25	1.00
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
46	Madhesh and Kalaiselvam [59]	Cu	401	[4]	Cu-TiO2/water	1.00	80
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Deionized distilled water	0.613	[4]
47	Madhesh et al. [130]	Cu	401	[4]	Cu-TiO2/water
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Deionized distilled water	0.613	[4]
48	Nine et al. [62]	Cu	401	[4]	Cu-Cu2O/water
		Cu2O	4.5	[308]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[219]
49	Ranga Babu et al. [131]	Cu	401	[4]	Cu-Cu2O/water			17.52
		Cu2O	4.5	[308]
		Water	0.606	[219]
50	Aureen et al. [98]	CuO	76.5	[4]	CuO-PVA/water
		Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)	0.31	[309]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[219]
51	Theres Baby and Sundara, [65]	MWNT	∼3000	[4]	MWNT-Fe2O3/water	0.03		24.50
		Fe2O3	7	[303]
		SiO2	1.4–12	[88, 302]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[219]
52	Shahsavar et al. [132]	CNT	∼2000–4000	[6]	CNT-Fe2O3/water		55	34.26
		Fe3O4	9.7	[236]
		Water	0.613	[4]
53	Shahsavar et al. [67]	CNT	∼2000–4000	[6]	CNT-Fe2O3/water		25	151.31
		Fe3O4	9.7	[236]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[220]
54	Shahsavar et al. [133]	CNT	∼2000–4000	[6]	CNT-Fe2O3/water		55	44.60
		Fe3O4	9.7	[236]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[220]
55	Shahsavar and Bahiraei [134]	CNT	∼2000–4000	[6]	CNT-Fe2O3/water
		Fe3O4	9.7	[236]
		Water	0.613	[4]
56	Syam Sundar et al. [135]	CNTs	∼2000–4000	[6]	CNT-Fe2O3/water	0.30	60	29.00
		Fe3O4	9.7	[236]
		Water	0.613	[4]
57	Chen et al. [63]	MWCNTs	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-Fe2O3/water	0.50		27.75
		Fe2O3	7	[303]
		Water	0.613	[4]
58	Sundar et al. [64]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-Fe2O3/water	0.30	60	29.00
		Fe2O3	7	[303]
		Water	0.613	[4]
59	Munkhbayar et al. [61]	MWCNTs	3000–6000	[61]	MWCNTs-Ag/water	0.05	40	14.50
		Ag	429	[3]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
60	Amiri et al. [137]	MWNT	∼3000	[4]	MWNT-Ag/water
		Ag	429	[3]
		Water	0.613	[4]
61	Chen et al. [138]	MWNTs	∼3000	[4]	MWNT-Ag/water		65	24.00
		Ag	429	[3]
		Water	0.613	[4]
62	Farbod and Ahangarpour [139]	MWCNTs	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-Ag/water	4.00	40	20.40
		Ag	429	[3]
		Water	0.613	[4]
63	Sinz et al. [140]	Ag	429	[3]	Ag-f-HEG/water
		f-HEG	∼10.9	[310]
		Water	0.613	[4]
64	Yarmand et al. [141]	GNP	∼2200	[311]	GNP-Pt/water	0.10	40	17.77
		Pt	71.5	[306]
		Water	0.613	[4]
65	Ahammed et al. [142]	Graphene (Gr)	5000	[142]	Gr-Al2O3/water	0.10	50	13.84
		Al2O3	46	[142]
		Water	0.613	[4]
66	Bakhtiari et al. [239]	Graphene (Gr)	5000	[142]	Gr-TiO3/water	0.50	75	27.84
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Water	0.613	[4]
67	Okonkwo et al. [143]	Fe	80.4	[143]	Fe-Al2O3/water	0.20		14.00
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Water	0.613	[4]
68	Huminic et al. [144]	Si	148	[296]	Si-Fe/water	1.00	50	12.60
		Fe	80.2	[296]
		Water	0.613	[4]
69	Mahyari et al. [145]	Go	2–1000	[5]	Go-SiC/water	1.00	50	33.20
		SiC	490	[296]
		Water	0.606	[145]
70	Pourrajab et al. [146]	COOH–MWCNT	1500–3000	[121]	MWCNT-Cu/water		50	47.30
		Cu	401	[4]
		Water	0.613	[4]
71	Kanti et al. [147]	Cu	400	[147]	Cu-fly ash/water	0.50	60	14.00
		Fly ash (Indonesia)	1.7	[147]
		Water	0.613	[4]
72	Kanti et al. [148]	Cu	400	Cu	Cu-fly ash/water	0.50	60	11.90
		Fly ash (Indian)	1.7	[147]
		Water	0.613	[4]
73	Kanti et al. [149]	Cu	400	[147]	Cu-fly ash/water	0.50	60	19.00
		Fly ash	1.7	[147]
		Water	0.613	[4]
74	Esfahani et al. [150]	Ag	429	[3]	Ag-ZnO/water	2.00	50
		ZnO	29	[303]
		Water	0.613	[4]
75	Said et al. [301]	rGO	1000	[301]	ND-Co3O4/water	0.20	60	19.14
		Co3O4	69	[156]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.602	[301]
76	Sundar et al. [151]	Nanodiamond (ND)	3300	[265]	ND-Co3O4/water	0.15	60	16.00
		Co3O4	69	[156]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
77	Sundar et al. [152]	Nanodiamond (ND)	3300	[265]	ND-Co3O4EG/water	0.20	60	17.80
		Fe3O4	9.7	[236]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
78	Sundar et al. [153]	Nanodiamond (ND)	1000	[153]	ND-Fe3O4EG/water	0.20	60	12.70
		Fe3O4	80.2	[153]
		Water	0.404	[153]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
79	Sundar et al. [154]	Nanodiamond (ND)	3300	[4]	ND-NiEG/water	3.03	60	21.00
		Ni	53.3	[306]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
80	de Oliveira et al. [155]	Nanodiamond (ND)	3300	[265]	ND-AgEG	0.10		6.92
		Ag	429	[3]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
81	Sundar et al. [156]	GO	1000	[156]	GO-Co3O4/water	0.20	60	19.14
		Co3O4	697	[156]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
		Water	0.613	[4]
82	Rostami et al. [157]	GO	2–1000	[5]	GO-Co3O4EG/water	1.60		43.40
		CuO	401 (cu)	[157]
		Water	0.606	[157]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.26	[157]
83	Chopkar et al. [96]	Ag	418.69	[96]	CuAl2EG/water	1.00		>70.00
		Cu	386.11	[96]
		Al2	237	[4]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.621	[96]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.246	[96]
84	Jha and Ramaprabhu [53]	MWCNTs	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-CuEG/water	0.03		35.00
		Cu	401	[4]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.62	[54]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
85	Jha and Ramaprabhu [54]	MWCNT	3000	[54]	MWCNT-Ag/water	0.03		37.30
		Ag	429	[54]
		Au	317	[54]
		Palladium (Pd)	71.8	[54]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.62	[54]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.248	[54]
86	Baby and Ramaprabhu [159]	f-MWNT	∼3000	[4]	MWNT-Ag/water	0.05	25	20.00
		Ag	429	[3]
		f-HEG	∼10.9	[310]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[219]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
87	Baby and Ramaprabhu [160]	Ag	429	[3]	Ag-HEGEG/water	0.05	25	25.00
		f-HEG	∼10.9	[310]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[219]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
88	Baby and Sundara [161]	CuO	76.5	[4]	CuO-HEGEG/water	0.05	25	28.00
		f-HEG	∼10.9	[310]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[219]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
89	Jyothirmayee Aravind and Ramaprabhu [94]	MWNT	∼3000	[4]	MWNT-GrEG/water	0.04	25	13.70
		Graphene (Gr)	∼3000	[4]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[219]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
90	Aravind and Ramaprabhu [162]	Graphene (Gr)	∼3000	[4]	Gr-MWNT/water	0.04	50	87.90
		MWNTs	∼3000	[4]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[219]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
91	Shankara et al. [278]	MWCNT	1500–3000	[278]	MWCNT/CuO/water	0.10	80	30.00
		Graphene (Gr)	2500	[278]
		CuO	33	[278]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[219]
92	Kazemi et al. [312]	Graphene (G)	2500	[278]	G-SiO2/water	1.00	50	36.10
		SiO2	1.4–12	[88, 302]
		Water	0.613	[4]
93	Shende and Sundara [163]	MWNTs	∼3000	[4]	MWNT-N-rGO/water	0.02	50	17.70
		N-rGO	2–1000	[5]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[219]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
94	Esfe et al. [164]	DWCNT	>2000	[313]	DWCNT-ZnOEG/water	1.00	50	32.00
		ZnO	29	[303]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
95	Esfe et al. [165]	DWCNT	>2000	[313]	DWCNT-ZnO/water	1.90	50	24.90
		ZnO	29	[303]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
96	Sati et al. [166]	GC	5500	[166]	DI water-EGZnO (CuO)/graphene	0.02	50	26.00
		CuO	76.5	[4]
		ZnO	29	[303]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[219]
		Ethylene glycol	0.253	[4]
97	Naiman et al. [167]	Al2O3	40	[4]	Al2O3/CNC-water/EG	0.90	70
		Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)	1.45	[167]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
98	Benedict et al. [168]	Al2O3	40	[4]	Al2O3/CNC-water/EG	0.90
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)	1.45	[314]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]	TiO2/CNC-water/EG
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
99	Urmi et al. [71]	Al2O3	40	[4]	Al2O3/TiO2-water/EG	0.10	80	40.86
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Water	0.6	[71]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.254	[71]
100	Ramadhan et al. [315]	Al2O3	40	[45]	Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2/water/EG	3.00	70	27.00
		TiO2	8.4	[45]
		SiO2	1.4	[45]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
101	Palanisamy et al. [316]	Al2O3	40	[45]	Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2/water	0.10	50	18.33
		TiO2	8.4	[45]
		SiO2	1.4	[45]
		Water	0.613	[4]
102	Xian et al. [169]	GnP	∼2200	[311]	GnP-TiO2/water/EG	0.10	60	23.74
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Distilled water (DW)	0.597	[112]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
103	Hamid et al. [170]	TiO2	8.4	[265]	TiO2-SiO2/EG/water	3.00	70	22.10
		SiO2	1.4–12	[88, 302]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
104	Hamid et al. [171]	TiO2	8.4	[265]	TiO2-SiO2/EG/water	1.00	70	13.80
		SiO2	1.4–12	[88, 302]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
105	Nabil et al. [172]	TiO2	8.4	[265]	TiO2-SiO2/EG/water	3.00	30	3.70
		SiO2	1.4–12	[88, 302]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
106	Nabil et al. [173]	TiO2	8.4	[265]	TiO2-SiO2/EG/water	3.00	80	22.80
		SiO2	1.4–12	[88, 302]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
107	Akhgar and Toghraie [32]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-TiO2/EG/water			38.70
		TiO2	8.4	[88]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
108	Moradi et al. [174]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-TiO2/EG/water	1.00	60	34.31
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
109	Li et al. [175]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-TiO2/EG/water	1.00	50	56.48
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
110	Leong et al. [176]	Cu	401	[4]	Cu-TiO2/EG/water			9.80
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
111	Amiri et al. [178]	Cu	401	[4]	MWCNT-SiO2/EG/water
		SiO2	1.4–12	[88, 302]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
112	Tahat and Benim [179]	CuO	76.5	[4]	CuO-Al2O3/EG/water
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
113	Bagheri and Nadooshan [180]	MWCNTs	1500	[180]	ZnO-MWCNT/EG-water			30.00
		ZnO	29	[180]
		Water	0.6	[180]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.224	[180]
114	Kakavandi and Akbari [181]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-SiC/EG-water	0.75	50	33.00
		SiC	270	[4]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
115	Nikkam et al. [69]	SiC	270	[4]	SiC/SiO2-water/EG	9.00		20.00
		SiO2	1.4–12	[88, 302]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
116	Giwa et al. [72]	MgO	48	[237]	MgO-ZnO/water	0.10	50	22.33
		ZnO	29	[180]
		Deionized (DI) water	0.606	[219]
117	Vidhya et al. [182]	MgO	48	[237]	MgO-ZnO/EG-water	0.10	50	17.40
		ZnO	29	[180]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
118	Safaei et al. [183]	Co	96.4	[317]	CoFe2O4/SiO2/EG-water			37.70
		Fe2O4	9.7	[297]
		SiO2	1.4–12	[88, 302]
		Water	0.613	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
119	Sahoo and Sarkar [184]	Ag	429	[184]	Ag + Al2O3/EG/brine			4.00
		Cu	401	[184]
		SiC	350	[184]
		Al2O3	40	[184]
		CuO	18	[184]
		TiO2	8.4	[184]
		Water/brine (salt water)	0.6	[318]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
120	Paul et al. [185]	Al	237	[4]	Al-Zn/EG	0.10	70	16.00
		Zn	116	[296]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
121	Shirazi et al. [186]	MWNTs	∼3000	[4]	MWNT-N-rGO/EG			10.16
		N-rGO	2–1000	[5]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
122	Theres Baby and Sundara [187]	MWNT	∼3000	[4]	Ag/MWNT-f-HEG/EG	0.08	25	8.00
		Ag	429	[3]
		f-HEG	∼10.9	[310]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
123	Van Trinh et al. [97]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	Gr-MWCNT/Cu	0.04	60	41.00
		Graphene (Gr)	∼3000	[4]
		Cu	401	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
124	Mbambo et al. [319]	Graphene (Gr)	3000–5000	[319]	GNs-AgNPs/EG		25–45	32.30
		Ag	429	[3]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
125	Mbambo et al. [293]	Graphene (Gr)	3000–5000	[319]	GNs-AuNPs/EG		25–45	26.00
		Au	318	[52]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
126	Parsian and Akbari [188]	Cu	401	[4]	Cu-Al2O3/EG	2.00	50	28.00
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
127	Harandi et al. [189]	MWCNTs	1500–3000	[189]	MWCNT-Fe3O4/EG	2.30	50	3.00
		Fe3O4	9.7	[236]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.249	[189]
128	Vafaei and Afrand [190]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-MgO/EG			23.30
		MgO	48	[237]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
129	Vafaei et al. [191]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-MgO/EG
		MgO	48	[237]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
130	Afrand [192]	FMWCNTs	∼3000	[4]	FMWCNT-MgO/EG	0.60	25	21.30
		MgO	∼50	[192]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	∼0.25	[192]
131	Esfe et al. [193]	SWCNTs	3000–6000	[4]	SWCNT-MgO/EG			1.00
		MgO	48	[237]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
132	Esfe et al. [194]	SWCNT	50–200	[194]	MWCNT-MgO/EG	0.55	50	>35
		MgO	54.9	[296]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.252	[296]
133	Esfe et al. [195]	DWCNT	>2000	[313]	DWCNT-SiO2/EG	1.71	50	38.00
		SiO2	1.4–12	[88, 302]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
134	Esfe et al. [196]	MWCNT	1500	[196]	MWCNT-SiO2/EG	0.86	50	20.10
		SiO2	1.4–12	[88, 302]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
135	Rostami et al. [260]	MWCNT	1500	[196]	MWCNT-TiO2/EG	1.00	50	25.18
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
136	Li et al. [197]	MWCNTs	∼3000	[4]	DWCNT-SiC/EG	0.40	50	32.01
		SiC	490	[296]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.256	[197]
137	Arani and Pourmoghadam [198]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-Al2O3/EG	0.80	50	17.00
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
138	Esfe et al. [199]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-ZnO/EG	1.00	50
		ZnO	29	[303]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
139	Toghraie et al. [200]	ZnO	29	[303]	ZnO-TiO2/EG	3.50	50	32.00
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
140	Rubasingh et al. [201]	ZnO	29	[303]	ZnO-TiO2/EG	08.00	90	34.00
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
141	Hamid et al. [202]	TiO2	8.4	[265]	TiO2-SiO2/EG	1.00		16.00
		SiO2	1.4–12	[88, 302]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
142	Yarmand et al. [203]	GO	2–1000	[5]	ACG/EG	0.06	40	6.47
		Activated C	0.63	[320]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
143	Akilu et al. [204]	CuO	76.5	[4]	TiO2-CuO/CEG	2.00	60.1	16.70
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		C	1.7	[263]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
144	Hussein [205]	AIN	8.4	[205]	AIN/EG	4.00	50
		Pure EG	0.26	[205]
145	Kannaiyan et al. [206]	CuO	76.5	[4]	CuO-Al2O3/EG			45.00
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
146	Mehrali a et al. [207]	GO	1000	[156]	GO-Fe3O4/EG
		Fe3O4	9.7	[236]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
147	Sadeghinezhad et al. [208]	GO	1000	[156]	GO-Fe3O4/EG			11.00
		Fe3O4	9.7	[236]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
148	Van Trinh et al. [209]	Graphene (Gr)	∼3000	[4]	Gr-CNT/EG		30–50	18.00
		CNT	∼2000–4000	[6]
		Ethylene glycol (EG)	0.253	[4]
149	Amini et al. [210]	MWCNT	1500	[210]	MWCNT-SiO2/glycerol	2.00	50	16.70
		SiO2	1.3	[210]
		Glycerol	0.275	[210]
150	Han et al. [211]	CNT	∼2000–4000	[6]	CNT-Al2O3/PAO	0.20	10	20.50
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Poly-alpha-olefins (PAO)	0.1434	[211]
151	Chandran et al. [212]	ZnO	29	[303]	ZnO-paraffin wax/propylene gylcol/water	0.613		10.40
		Encapsulated paraffin wax	0.15	[55]
		Propylene glycol	0.1962	[321]
		Water	0.613	[4]
152	Zawawi et al. [213]	Al2O3	40	[4]	Al2O3-SiO2/polyalkylene glycol	0.10	30	2.41
		SiO2	1.4–12	[88, 302]
		Polyalkylene glycol	0.156	[322]
153	Botha et al. [214]	Ag	429	[3]	Ag-SiO2/oil			15.00
		SiO2	1.4	[214]
		Transformer oil	0.136	[214]
154	Choi et al. [215]	AIN	285	[214]	AIN-Al2O3/oil	0.50		8.00
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Transformer oil	0.11	[214]
155	Aberoumand and Jafarimoghaddam [221]	Ag	429	[3]	Ag-WO3/oil	4.00	100	41.00
		WO3	1.6	[235]
		Transformer oil	0.11	[214]
156	Asadi et al. [223]	MWCNT	1500	[224]	MWCNT-Al2O3/oil	1.50	50	45.00
		Al2O3	36	[224]
		Thermal oil (TO)	0.1891	[220]
157	Asadi et al. [224]	MWCNT	3000	[4]	MWCNT-MgO/oil	2.00	50	65.00
		MgO	48	[323]
		Thermal oil (TO)	0.1891	[220]
158	Asadi et al. [225]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-Mg(OH)2/oil	2.00	60	50.00
		Mg(OH)2	0.16	[323]
		Engine oil	0.145	[4]
159	Soltani et al. [226]	MWcNTs	∼3000	[4]	MWcNT-WO3/oil	0.60	60	19.85
		WO3	1.6	[235]
		Engine oil	0.145	[4]
160	Tian et al. [227]	MWCNT	∼3000	[4]	MWCNT-Al2O3/oil	1.00	65	30.53
		Al2O3	40	[4]
		Engine oil	0.145	[4]
161	Sulgani and Karimipour [228]	Al2O3	40	[4]	MWCNT-Al2O3/oil	4.00	65	33.00
		Fe2O3	7	[303]
		Engine oil	0.145	[4]
162	Qing et al. [229]	Graphene (Gr)	∼3000	[4]	Gr-SiO2/oil	0.04	100	80.00
		SiO2	1.4–12	[302]
		Naphthenic oil	0.133	[218]
163	Askari et al. [230]	Graphene (Gr)	∼3000	[4]	Gr-Fe3O4/kerosene		50
		Fe3O4	9.7	[236]
		Kerosene	0.15	[236]
164	Wei et al. [222]	SiC	220	[222]	SiC-TiO2/diathermic oil	1.00	20	8.39
		TiO2	8.4	[222]
		Diathermic oil (DO)	0.119	[219]
165	Gulzar et al. [231]	Al2O3	40	[4]	Al2O3-TiO2/Therminol-55	0.50	158.07	33.50
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		Therminol-55	0.135	[324]
166	Mechiri et al. [233]	Cu	401	[4]	Cu-Zn/vegetable oil		30
		Zn	116	[296]
		Vegetable oil	0.162	[216]
167	Kumar et al. [216]	Cu	401	[4]	Cu-SiO2/vegetable Oil	0.50	30	48.00
		Zn	116	[296]
		Vegetable oil	0.162	[216]
		Paraffin oil	0.136	[216]
		SAE oil	0.133	[216]
168	Parameshwaran et al. [234]	Ag	429	[4]	Ag-TiO2/PCM			52.00
		TiO2	8.4	[265]
		PCM	0.257	[234]
169	Jaiswal et al. [68]	Cu	401	[4]	Cu-Pd		80	18.79
		Palladium (Pd)	71.8	[54]

Note. Bold cells indicate possible active material(s) in the blend, attachment nanoparticles to core nanoparticles, that are likely to influence the TC enhancement of the hybrid nanofluids.