A Perspective Review on Thermal Conductivity of Hybrid Nanofluids and Their Application in Automobile Radiator Cooling

Table 8

Established thermal conductivity of solid/liquid blends , thermal conductivity of base fluid , thermal conductivity of particle , thermal conductivity ratio  = (α − 1)/(α + 2), particle shape factor n, and particle volume fraction .

Models	Expressions	Remarks/limitations
Maxwell [248]		Accurate to order , uniformly sized spherical particles p is considered at low volume. Considerable deviation from measured experiment.
Rayleigh [251]		Considered material in the form of spherical inclusions arranged in a simple cubic array. Far from reality for higher .
Hamilton and Crosser [252]		Spherical and nonspherical particles p are considered: n = 3 for spheres and n = 6 for cylinders. Consider only shape and volume concentration.
Jeffrey [254]		Accurate to order , high-order terms represent pair interaction of randomly dispersed spheres
Davis [255]		Accurate to order , high-order terms represent pair interaction of randomly dispersed spheres. f (α) = 2.5 for α = 10; f (α) = 0.5 for α = ∞
Lu and Lin [256]		Spherical and nonspherical particles p are considered. For spherical particles, a = 2 : 25, b = 2 : 27 for α = 10; a = 3 : 00, b = 4 : 51 for α = ∞
Bonnecaze and Brady [257, 258]	Numerical simulation	Near and far-field interactions among two or more particles p are considered. Numerical simulation, expressions not given.