Emerging Roles of Green-Synthesized Chalcogen and Chalcogenide Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics

Table 1

Green synthesized chalcogen and chalcogenide nanoparticles with anticancer properties.

Plant and extract	Nanoparticle	Size (nm)	Shape	Activity	Ref
Orange – Citric juice	TeNPs	2–15	Rods	Anticancer effect in human melanoma cells (≤50 μg/ml)	[42]
Lemon – citric juice	TeNPs	100–200	Cubic	Anticancer effect in human melanoma cells (≤50 μg/ml)	[42]
Lime – citric juice	TeNPs	100–200	Cubic	Anticancer effect in human melanoma cells (≤50 μg/ml)	[42]
Fenugreek – seed extract	SeNPs	50–150	Oval	Dose-dependent (25–100 μg/ml) cytotoxicity in human breast-cancer cells (MCF-7)	[43]
Allium sativum – garlic clove extract	SeNPs	40–100	Spherical	Better biocompatibility in Vero cells than chemically synthesized SeNPs	[44]
Hawthorn – fruit extract	SeNPs	113	Spherical	Antitumor activity in HepG2 cells; Induced intracellular oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction to initiate apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway	[41]
Ceropegia bulbosa – tuber extract	SeNPs	52.5 ± 3	Spherical	Higher cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells compared to normal breast cells	[45]
Arabinogalactan from Larix principis-rupprechtii	SeNPs	94–156	Spherical	Significant dose-dependent inhibitory activity (10–100 μg/ml) in A549, HepG-2, and MCF-7 cells via apoptosis; Highest cell inhibition in A549 cells	[46]
Drumstick – leaf extracts	SeNPs	23–35	Spherical	Effective against Caco-2, HepG2, and MCF-7 cells	[47]
Urtica dioica – leaf extract	SeNPs	21.7–83.6	Spherical	Significant anticancer activity against HepG2 cells; Nontoxic to Vero cells	[48]
Aloe vera – leaf extract	TeNPs	20–60	Spherical	Cytotoxicity in HDF and melanoma cells	[49]
Ocimum tenuiflorum – inflorescence extract	Ag@SeNPs	33.1 ± 2.7	Near spherical	Dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HEK293 and MCF7 cells	[50]
Stevia rebaudiana – leaf extract	ZnS NPs	8.35	Spherical	Cytotoxic to MCF-7 cells	[37]
Camellia sinensis – leaf extract	CdS	2–5	Spherical	Arrested A549 cell growth at the S phase of the cell cycle	[51]