Immobilization of Urease onto Nanochitosan Enhanced the Enzyme Efficiency: Biophysical Studies and in Vitro Clinical Application on Nephropathy Diabetic Iraqi Patients

Table 2

Levels of free and embedded urease in patients compared with controls. Values were expressed by mean ± SD.

	Free urease (IU)	Embedded urease (IU)	Urea (mg/dL) § (before addition)	Urea (mg/dL) § (after addition)
Mean ± SD (patients)ξ	20.15 ± 2.28	37.88 ± 9.32	63.11 ± 7.95, ξ	42.97 ± 3.40
Mean ± SD (control)ξ	14.34 ± 0.96	51.32 ± 7.53	29.80 ± 5.00, ξ	16.34 ± 3.22

^§Before and after adding the immobilized enzyme. ^∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001. ^∗∗∗P < 001, ξ refers to the significance level of blood urea in patients before adding the embedded enzyme compared to that of control. ∝ refers to the significance level of blood urea in patients after adding the embedded enzyme compared to that of control or to that before the addition.