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Nr. | Plants | Plant’s part/simple size | Nanoparticle | Shape | Nanoparticle size (nm) | Precursor solution | Characterization/extraction techniques | Additional catalyst(s) or control variables | Applications of NPs | Reference |
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1 | Medicago sativa L. | The whole plant/undetermined quantity of dry biomass | Au | Multiple shapes | 30–60 | KAuCl4 | SEM, TEM, AFM, HAADF/grinding and sieving for extraction | Temperature, amount of extract, ambient light, pH | — | Montes et al. [41] |
2 | Medicago sativa L. | Seeds/1 g dry weight | Ag | Spherical, hexagonal | 5–51, 86–108 | AgNO3 | UV-Vis, TEM, SEAD, XRD, AFM, SEM, XPS, GC–MS/centrifugation for extraction | Temperature, amount of extract, ambient light, pH | Antibacterial properties | Lukman et al. [33] |
3 | Medicago sativa L. | Leaves/undetermined quantity of dry biomass | ZnO | Hexagonal | 13.94 ± 1.08 | Zn (NO3)2 | XRD, TEM, EDX/mixing for extraction | Time, centrifugation parameters, amount of extract, precursor | Antimicrobial activity | Król et al. [42] |
4 | Medicago sativa L | The whole plant/1 g of grass powder | Ag | Spherical | 50–55 | AgNO3 | UV-Vis, TEM, FTIR, XRD/sonication for extraction | Ethanol, time, ratio of extract, centrifugation parameters, temperature | The effect of Ag NPs on germination, seedling growth | Song et al. [34] |
5 | Medicago sativa L. | The whole plant/25 g of the powder | Ag | Face-centred cubic (fcc) crystalline | 15–35 | AgNO3 | FTIR, FESEM, EDS, TEM, XRD, UV-Vis, DLS/stirring for extraction | Time, centrifugation parameters, amount of extract, precursor, pH | Cytotoxicity, antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial, photodegradation potential | Bidaki et al. [36] |
6 | Impatiens balsamina L., Lantana camara L. | Leaves/10 g dry weight | Ag | — | <24 | AgNO3 | UV-Vis, TEM/stirring for extraction | Time, amount of extract | Antimicrobial activity | Aritonang et al. [45] |
7 | Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. | Bark/15 g of biomass | Au | Multiple shapes | 20–200 | HAuCl4 | TEM, XRD, UV-Vis/grinding for extraction | Time, ratio of extract, Ag precursor concentration, pH | Cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, catalysis | Rodríguez-León et al. [47] |
8 | Stigmaphyllon ovatum (Cav.) Nied. | Leaves | Ag, Au | Multiple shapes | 15–80 | AgNO3, HAuCl4 | UV-Vis/for extraction | Time, ratio of extract, Ag, Au precursor concentration | Anticancer potential | Elemike et al. [48] |
9 | Fagonia indica Burm.f. | The whole plant/undetermined quantity of dry biomass | Ag | Spherical | 10–60 | AgNO3 | UV-Vis, SEM, XRD, DLS/stirring for extraction | Time, amount of extract, Ag precursor concentration, pH | Anticancer activity | Ullah et al. [44] |
10 | Blumea balsamifera L. | Leaves/1.3 kg dry biomass | Cu | Spherical | 30–55 | CuSO4 | UV-Vis, SEM, EDX, SPR, GC-MS/grinding for extraction | Time, amount of extract, Cu concentration | Antioxidant activity | Ginting et al. [35] |
11 | Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem) | Leaves/undetermined quantity of dry biomass | ZnO | Hexagonal | 10–70 | Zn (CH3COO)2.2H2O | XRD/stirring for extraction | Time, amount of extract | Antibacterial analysis, photocatalytic analysis | Haque et al. [43] |
12 | Origanum dictamnus L., Salvia officinalis, Elaeagnus rhamnoides L., Calendula officinalis L. | Leaves/undetermined quantity of dry biomass | Ag | Spherical | 76.90 | AgNO3 | DLS, UV-Vis, XRD, XRF, TEM, FTIR/grinding for extraction | Time, ratio of extract, Ag precursor concentration | Antioxidant activity | Siakavella et al. [40] |
13 | Magnolia champaca L. | Leaves/60 g of biomass | Ag | Spherical | 164.6 | AgNO3 | SEM/grinding for extraction | Time, amount of extract | Active caspase-3 expression | Antony et al. [39] |
14 | Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. | Fruit/10 g of dried sample | Ag | Spherical | 7–16 | AgNO3 | UV-Vis, SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD/dehydration for extraction | Time, amount of extract, Ag precursor concentration | Antibacterial analysis | Khodadadi et al. [46] |
15 | Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze | Black tea/1.5 g of black tea | Ag | Orthorhombic-shaped | 1–100 | AgNO3 | UV-Vis, SEM, XRD/stirring and heating for extraction | Time, amount of extract, Ag precursor concentration, pH | Antimicrobial activity | Mohamed et al. [49] |
16 | Aloe Vera (L.) Burm.f., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. | Leaves, gel, nuts/5 g of dried plant | ZnO | Octahedral | 280–500 29–75 | Zn (CH3CO2)2 | SEM, FTIR, UV-Vis/stirring for extraction | Time, centrifugation parameters, amount of extract | Antimicrobial ability | Dar et al. [50] |
17 | Azadirachta indica A. Juss. | Leaves/undetermined quantity of dry biomass | Ag | Spherical | 3–5 | AgNO3 | SPR, UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR, TEM/suspension for extraction | Time, amount of extract | Antibacterial and photo catalyst ability | Zanjage et al. [51] |
18 | Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. (pineapple), Passiflora edulis Sims. (passion fruit) | 12 g of fruit peel | Au | Spherical | 300–700 <100 | HAuCl4 | UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR/stirring for extraction | Time, centrifugation parameters, amount of extract | Anticancer activity | Pechyen et al. [52] |
19 | Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach), Musa acuminata Colla. (banana) | Leaves, peel/20 g of fresh leaves | Fe | Multiple shapes | 240–430, 20–50, 10–70 | FeCl3 | UV-Vis, TEM. FTIR, AFM XRD/stirring and heating for extraction | Time, amount of extract, Ag precursor concentration | Antibacterial potential | Tyagi et al. [37] |
20 | Galphimia glauca Bartl. | Leaves/20 g of leaves | Ag | Spherical | 17–40 | AgNO3 | UV-Vis, FTIR, AFM, SEM, EDS, HR-TEM, XRD, TGA/heating for extraction | Time, ratio of extract, pH | Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity | Chakraborty et al. [53] |
21 | Pistacia chinensis Bunge. | Seeds/1 kg | Au | Spherical | 10–100 | HAuCl4 | UV, FT-IR, AFM/soaking in methanol for 10 days for extraction | Time, amount of extract | Enzyme inhibitory screening, analgesic activity, sedative activity on mice | Alhumaydhi [54] |
22 | Malva parviflora L. | Leaves/undetermined quantity of biomass | Ag | Spherical | 12–63 | AgNO3 | AFM, UV-Vis, EDX/macerating for extraction | Time, centrifugation parameters, amount of extract | — | Oraibi et al. [55] |
23 | Euphorbia serpens Kunth. | The whole plant/25 grams of the powder | Ag | Spherical | 30–80 | AgNO3 | UV-Vis, SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, FCC/centrifugation for extraction | Time, amount of extract, Ag precursor concentration | Antibacterial analysis | Ahmad et al. [56] |
24 | Hibiscus rosasinensis L. | Leaves, flower, bark/2.5 g of biomass | Ag | Spherical | 51 | AgNO3 | SEM, UV-Vis, FTIR/stirring and heating for extraction | Time, amount of extract, Ag precursor concentration | Antimicrobicidal activity | Periasamy et al. [57] |
25 | Coriandrum sativum L. | Leaves/10 g | ZnO | Rod-shaped, polycrystalline | 100 | Zn (CH3CO2)2, | XRD, SEM, TEM/dilution with distilled water for extraction | Time, amount of extract, Zn precursor concentration, pH | Antibacterial use as fertilizer | Ukidave et al. [58] |
26 | Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Mentha arvensis L. (mint), Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander), Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, (lemongrass) | Leaves/25 g | Ag | Multiple shapes | 10–22 | AgNO3 | UV-Vis, (XRD), (TGA), (SEM), (EDX)/heating for extraction | Time, amount of extract, pH | Antibacterial activity | Ahmad et al. [59] |
27 | Capsicum chinense Jacq. | Leaves/18.04 g, 3.33 g and 24.3 g of fresh chopped stems, roots, and leaves | Au. Ag | Multiple shapes | 20–100 | HAuCl4, AgNO3 | UV-Vis, FTIR-ATR, XPS, UHR-SEM-EDX, TEM/striation for extraction | Time, amount of extract | Antibacterial activity | Lomelí-Rosales et al. [60] |
28 | Euphorbia neriifolia L. | Stem/undetermined quantity of biomass | Au | Face-centred cubic structure, spherical | 22–25 | AuCl4 | UV-Vis, FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, SPR/striation for extraction | Time, amount of extract | Antibacterial and antifungal activity | Ul Haq et al. [43] |
29 | Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Pimenov & Kljuykov | Seeds/undetermined quantity of biomass | Ag | Multiple shapes | 35–77 | AgNO3 | UV-Vis, SEM. FTIR, AFM EDX/striation for extraction | Time, amount of extract, Ag precursor concentration | Antibacterial activity | Khan et al. [61] |
30 | Apium graveolens L. | Leaves/50 g | Au | Multiple shapes | 4–15 | HAuCl4 | TEM, UV-Vis, SEM-EDX, XRD, FT-IR/Dilution with distilled water for extraction | Time, ratio of extract, centrifugation parameters | Antidiabetic potential | Panchamoorthy et al. [62] |
31 | Plumeria alba L. | Leaves/20 g | Ag | Spherical | 26.43 | AgNO3 | FTIR, AFM, SEM, TEM, XRD, UV-Vis/dilution with distilled water for extraction | Time, ratio of extract, centrifugation parameters | Physiochemical, pharmacological properties, anticancer and antimicrobial activity | Rudrappa et al. [63] |
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