Conducting Molecular Epidemiological Research in the Age of HIPAA: A Multi-Institutional Case-Control Study of Breast Cancer in African-American and European-American Women
Table 2
Characteristics of 858 controls.
African American
European American
(412)
%
(446)
%
Age at interview
35
21
5.1
22
4.9
35–39
21
5.1
37
8.3
40–49
119
28.9
127
28.5
50–59
172
41.8
194
43.5
60–64
73
17.7
61
13.7
65
6
1.5
5
1.1
Country of origin1
United States and Canada
280
68.0
390
87.4
Caribbean countries
63
15.3
0
0
Other
69
16.7
56
12.6
Marital status1
Married
143
34.9
277
62.1
Living as married
15
3.7
19
4.3
Widowed
21
5.1
17
3.8
Separated
34
8.3
15
3.4
Divorced
70
17.1
48
10.8
Single, never married or never lived as married
127
31.0
70
15.7
Highest grade of school completed1
Less than 11th grade
52
12.6
7
1.6
High school graduate or equivalent
91
22.1
30
6.7
Some college
128
31.1
87
19.5
College graduate
86
20.9
156
35.0
Post-graduate degree
55
13.4
166
37.2
Health insurance (multiple choices possible)
Medicaid1
70
17.0
17
3.8
Medicare1
17
4.1
7
1.6
Employer-provided insurance1
272
66.2
350
78.5
Pay for insurance out of pocket1
18
4.4
49
11.0
I do not have health insurance
29
7.0
23
5.2
Other
13
3.2
21
4.7
Annual income1
Less than $15 000
51
13.4
15
3.6
$15 000–19 999
30
7.9
9
2.2
$20 000–24 999
25
6.5
5
1.2
$25 000–34 999
48
12.6
19
4.6
$35 000–49 999
68
17.8
42
10.2
$50 000–69 999
60
15.7
53
12.9
$70 000–89 999
45
11.8
61
14.8
$90 000 or more
55
14.4
208
50.5
BMI1
Underweight
3
0.8
14
3.5
Normal
68
17.7
188
46.3
Overweight
115
30.0
100
24.6
Obese
198
51.6
104
25.6
Age at menarche
11
40
9.7
39
8.8
11-12
71
17.3
69
15.6
12-13
90
21.9
112
25.3
13-14
99
24.1
124
28.0
14
111
27.0
99
22.4
Number of pregnancies1
No pregnancies
36
9.9
91
23.4
1 pregnancy
89
24.4
90
23.1
2 pregnancies
103
28.2
126
32.4
3 pregnancies
74
20.3
56
14.4
4 pregnancies
31
8.5
8
2.1
5 pregnancies
32
8.8
18
4.6
Age at first pregnancy1
19
115
35.5
18
6.1
20–24
107
33.0
65
22.0
25–29
50
15.4
80
27.0
30
52
16.1
133
44.9
Age at menopause1
Premenopausal
114
32.4
158
38.7
Perimenopausal
104
29.6
117
28.7
44
26
7.4
13
3.2
45–49
44
12.5
31
7.6
50
64
18.2
89
21.8
Ever have hormone replacement therapy? 1
Yes
63
15.4
105
23.6
No
347
84.6
340
76.4
Ever have a screening mammogram?
Yes
353
86.1
388
87.0
No
57
13.9
58
13.0
1P < .05, Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate, for differences between AAs and EAs.