Immunotherapy of Genitourinary Malignancies

Table 1

Summary of immunotherapies and targeted agents in mRCC.

Agent	Class	Mechanism of action	Stage of treatment	PFS (months)
IL-2	Cytokine	Modulation of the host's immune response	First line for selected patients
IFN-alfa	Cytokine	Activate NK cells and macrophages	Second line	3.1–5.4
IFN-alfa + IL-2	Cytokine	Modulation of the host's immune response	First line for selected patients
IL-12	Cytokine	Modulation of the host's immune response	Phase II
IL-2 + GM-CSF + IFN-alfa	Cytokine	Modulation of the host's immune response	Phase II	6
Sunitinib	Small molecule	TKI of VEGFR, PDGFR	First line/second line	11.1
Sorafenib	Small molecule	TKI of VEGFR, PDGFR, Ras	First line/second line	5.5
Temsirolimus	Small molecule	mTOR inhibitor	First line (used for poor risk)	5.5
Everolimus	Small molecule	mTOR inhibitor	Second line (used for TKI/IFN refractory mRCC)
Pazopanib	Small molecule	TKI of VEGFR, PDGFR	Phase II, III
Vatalanib	Small molecule	TKI of VEGFR, PDGFR	Phase I
Imatinib	Small molecule	TKI of PDGR	Phase II
Gefitinib	Small molecule	TKI of EGFR	Phase II
Erlotinib	Small molecule	TKI of EGFR	Phase II
Bortezomib	Small molecule	26 S proteasome inhibitor	Phase II
Lapatinib	Small molecule	TKI of EGFR/Erb/2	Phase II, III
Oblimersen	Oligo	Antisense oligo	Phase II
Tumor vaccination	Protein	Tumor-specific T-cell response	Phase II
Bevacizumab (+ IFN-alfa)	Mab	Antibody to VEGF	First line	8.5–10.2
Cetuximab	Mab	Antibody to EGFR	Phase II
VEGF-trap	Mab	Antibody to VEGF	Phase I, II
G250	Mab	Antibody to CA IX	Phase II

Abbreviations: TKI; tyrosine kinase inhibitor, IFN; interferon, mRCC; metastatic renal cell carcinoma, NK; natural killer, Mab; monoclonal antibody.