Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Glioma: Friend or Foe?
Figure 2
GBM tumor cells suppress monocyte (Mo) activation by a variety of stimuli. ((a) and (b)) Ex vivo monocytes were stimulated with the indicated stimuli in the absence or presence of GBM tumor cells, and TNF-α and IL-10 secretion was measured after 48 h. Comparable results were seen in five independent experiments. ((c) and (d)) Ex vivo monocytes were stimulated with LPS (1 g/mL) in the presence of the indicated ratios of monocytes:GBM tumor cells or NHA. Comparable results were seen in two independent experiments. (e) Ex vivo monocytes were stimulated with LPS (1 g/mL) in the presence of the indicated ratios of monocytes and two primary GBM cell lines (RCA and 212) and an extensively passaged GBM cell line (T98G). Comparable results were seen in two independent experiments. SD is represented in all cases. Unstimulated monocytes were used in all assays, and secretion of both TNF-α and IL-10 was below the limit of detection. Publised with permission from Kostianovsky et al. [20].
