The Regulatory Role of MicroRNAs in EMT and Cancer

Figure 1

Major interconnected signaling pathways that regulate EMT. The Smad pathway for TGF-β signaling acts through the formation of a complex between Smad 2/3 and Smad 4. The complex then moves to the nucleus and stimulates the transcription of target genes. Sharp arrows denote activation/upregulation and blunt arrows denote inhibition/downregulation. Fz: frizzled receptors; Gli: glioma-associated oncogene family of transcription factors; GSK-3b: glycogen synthase kinase; Hh: hedgehog; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; ILK: integrin-linked kinase; LRP: low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein; p38 MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; Ptc: patched receptor for Hh signaling; SMO: smoothened; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β; uPAR: urokinase plasminogen activator receptor.