Risk Factors for Fatal Pulmonary Hemorrhage following Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Stage 3B/C Squamous-Cell Lung Carcinoma Patients

Table 2

Uni- and multivariate correlates of fatal pulmonary hemorrhage.

Variable	Patients; (N=505)	FPH; (N=13)	Univariate P-value	Multivariate; P-value
Age, y (%)
≤70	423 (83.8)	11 (2.6)	0.81	-
>70	82 (16.2)	2 (2.4)
Gender, n (%)
Male	352 (69.7)	9 (2.5)	0.78	-
Female	153 (30.3)	4 (2.6)
ECOG performance, n (%)
0	205 (40.6)	5 (2.4)	0.86	-
1	300 (59.4)	8 (2.7)
Smoking history, n (%)
Absent	31 (6.1)	1 (3.2)	0.78	-
Present	474 (93.9)	12 (2.5)
Median smoking duration, (pack/y)
<28	251 (49.7)	6 (2.4)	0.96	-
≥28	254 (50.3)	7 (2.8)
Weight loss, n (%)
≤5%	395 (78.2)	8 (2.0)	0.21	-
>5%	110 (21.8)	5 (4.5)
Anemia, n (%)
Absent	325 (64.4)	8 (2.5)	0.85	-
Present	180 (35.6)	5 (2.8)
Hemoptysis, n (%)
Absent	354(70.1)	7 (2.0)	0.032	0.011
Present	151(29.9)	6 (4.0)
Stage, n (%)
3B	275 (54.5)	7 (2.5)	O.98	-
3C	230 (45.5)	6 (2.6)
Tumor location, n (%)
Central	224 (44.4)	9 (4.0)	0.026	0.14
Peripheral	281 (55.6)	4 (1.4)
Median largest tumor size, n (%)
≤5.1 cm	215 (42.6)	4 (1.9)	0.25	-
>5.1 cm	290 (57.4)	9 (3.1)
Median tumor volume, n (%)
≤50.8 cm^3	248 (49.1)	5 (2.0)	0.48	-
>50.8 cm^3	257 (50.9)	8 (3.1)
Chemotherapy, n (%)
CV	251 (49.8)	6 (2.4)	0.69	-
CT + CE	254 (50.2)	7 (2.8)
Chemotherapy cycles, n (%)
1	35 (6.9)	1 (2.9)	0.77	-
2-3	470 (18.0)	12 (2.6)
RT technique, n (%)
3D-CRT	286 (56.7)	8 (2.8)	0.80	-
IMRT	219 (43.3)	5 (2.3)
Tumor cavitation, n (%)
Absent	445 (88.1)	0 (0)	<0.001	<0.001
Present	60 (11.9)	13 (21.6)

Hemoglobin: <130 g/dL for men and <120 g/dL for women.
Median values were used, as receiver operating characteristic analysis did not reveal significant cut-off.
FPH: fatal pulmonary hemorrhage; ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; CV: Cisplatin + Vinorelbine; CT: Cisplatin + Taxane; CE: Cisplatin + Etoposide; 3D-CRT: 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy; IMRT: intensity-modulated radiotherapy.