The Cancer Microbiota: EMT and Inflammation as Shared Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Plasticity and Progression

Table 1

Main identified/studied bacterial phyla and their relationship with carcinogenesis.

Bacterial Phylum	Body site	Detrimental/beneficial for the host	Reference
Actinobacteria	Colon	Beneficial (though outcompeted by opportunistic bacteria during cancer progression)	[95, 97]
	Esophagus	Beneficial	[68, 69]
Bacteroidetes	Colon	Detrimental, linked to development of CRC	[95, 97]
	Esophagus	Detrimental, linked to development of esophageal cancer	[57, 68, 69]
	Female reproductive tract	Detrimental, linked to endometrial cancer	[118]
	Oral cavity	Detrimental, related to development of OSCC	[18–20]
Firmicutes	Breast	Staphylococcus: detrimental, linked to development of breast cancer; Lactobacillus: beneficial	[37, 43]
	Colon	Beneficial (though outcompeted by opportunistic bacteria during cancer progression)	[95, 97]
	Esophagus	Detrimental, linked to development of esophageal cancer; Peptococcus: beneficial	[57, 68, 69]
	Female reproductive tract	Detrimental, linked to ovarian cancer; Lactobacillus: beneficial	[119, 124, 125]
	Nasal cavity	Detrimental, related to development of nasal polyposis	[28, 29]
	Skin	Detrimental, linked to atopic dermatitis and BCC (S. aureus) or beneficial (S. epidermidis)	[131, 135]
Fusobacteria	Colon	Detrimental, linked to development of CRC	[86, 110–112]
	Esophagus	Detrimental, linked to development of esophageal cancer	[57]
	Oral cavity	Detrimental, related to development of OSCC	[16, 17]
Proteobacteria	Breast	Detrimental, linked to development of breast cancer	[37]
	Esophagus	Detrimental, linked to development of esophageal cancer	[53, 57, 75]
	Female reproductive tract	Detrimental, linked to ovarian cancer	[124, 125]