|
| Nanovector | Size (AVG) | Charge | Targeting strategy | Payload | Administration route | Model | Results | References |
|
| αCEA-MoAB-PEG-PLGA NPs | 200 nm | –10 mV | EPR
Anti-CEA antibody | Paclitaxel | IV | In vitro: SW480 (CEA–) and Caco-2 (CEA+) cell cultures. | In vitro: CEA dependent uptake and cytotoxicity | [26] |
|
| Doxorubicin-loaded ONT-conjugated AuNPs | 23 nm | — | EPR
(tissue retention) | Doxorubicin | Intratumoural | In vitro: SW480 cell cultures
In vivo: GFP-transfected SW480 subcutaneously inoculated in BALB/c female mice | In vitro: enhanced DOX cytotoxicity and delivery to the nucleus
In vivo: slower tumor growth compared to control | [34] |
|
| AuNPs | 15 nm | –21 mV | EPR | — | IV | In vitro: SW629 cell cultures
In vivo: SW620 subcutaneously inoculated in female BLAB/c mice | In vitro: reduction in fibrosis-inducing factors secretion
In vivo: decrease in solid stress and improved perfusion; improved cisplatin action | [36] |
|
| Cu-Ci | — | — | EPR | Radiotherapy enhancement
PDT | — | In vitro: SW620 cell cultures | In vitro: nanoparticle dose and radiation dose dependence of cell death by autophagy and apoptosis. | [37] |
|
| CP-NIC NPs | 74 nm (length)
13 nm (width) | — | EPR | Nicosamide | IV | In vitro: HCT116 cell line
In vivo: HCT-116 subcutaneously injected in male nude mice | In vitro: HCT116 cell toxicity similar to free drug, Wnt inhibition
In vivo: tumor growth delay and increase in survival | [52] |
|
| MSNs-DM1@PDA-PEG-APt | 170 nm | –11 mV | EPR
Aptamer against EpCAM | Maytansine | IV | In vitro: SW480 and NCM460 cell cultures.
In vivo: SW480 subcutaneously injected in BALB/c mice | In vitro: EpCAM dependent cytostatic and apoptotic effect of targeted NPS
In vivo: reduction of tumor growth rate | [53] |
|
| FA-HBcAg-PAA-DOX NPs | 35 nm | — | EPR
FRα targeting
pH-dependent release | Doxorubicin | — | In vitro: HT-29, Caco-2 and CCD-112 cell lines | In vitro: FR and FRα dependent uptake and cytotoxicity, cytosolic drug delivery. | [54] |
| Dex-SA-DOX-CDDP | 40 nm | —16 mV | EPR | Doxorubicin
Cisplatin | IV | In vitro: CT26 cell lines
In vivo: CT26 cells subcutaneously injected in male BALB/c mice; DMH intraperitoneal injection in BALB/c nude mice. | In vitro: dose-dependent cell toxicity
In vivo: reduction of tumor growth, induction apoptosis, reduced hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity | [55] |
|
| RBC-coated PLGA nanoparticles | 150 nm | — | EPR | Gambogic acid (GA) | IV | In vitro: SW480
In vivo: Ectopic SW480 bearing BLAB/c bearing mice | In vitro: biocompatible, 48h cytotoxicity similar to free drug
In vivo: Reduction in tumor size and increased survival | [56] |
|
| anti-EGFR-iRGD-RBCms- PLGA NPs | 153 nm | — | EPR
Anti-integrin rec. and anti-EGFR targeting | Gambogic acid | IV | In vitro: Caco-2, HT-29 (EGFFR+) and SW-480 cell cultures.
In vivo: Caco-2 cells subcutaneously injected in BALB/c mice. Reduced tumor growth and increased survival | In vitro: enhanced HT-29 spheroids penetration, similar GA cytotoxicity compared with the free drug
In vivo: enhanced tumor targeting capability compared to nonfunctionalized NPs | [57] |
|
| Anti CD113 MoAB – pPEG-PCL/malPEG-PCL | 167 nm | –28 mV | EPR
Active targeting against CD113 | SN-38 | IV | In vitro: HT-29, SW620, HCT116 cell cultures.
In vivo: HCT116 subcutaneously injected in BALB/c female mice | In vitro: selective toxicity on CD113 high cells only for actively targeted NPS
In vivo: reduction in CD113 high tumor and histological reduction of CD113 + cells | [59] |
|
| PPDC nanoparticles | 105 nm | — | EPR | Sorafenib CPT | IV | In vitro: HT-29 cell cultures (2D and spheroids)
In vivo: HT-29 subcutaneously injected in BALB/c nude mice | In vitro: MMP-espression-dependent drug release and cytotoxic effect
In vivo: Inhibition of tumor growth, reduced vascularization, and tumor necrosis | [62] |
| NKG2D-IL-21 dextran NPs | 200–400 nm | 40 mV | EPR | dsNKG2D-IL-21 plasmids | IV | In vitro: CT-26, NIH-3T3 and RAW264.7 cell lines
Ex vivo: co-culture of above mentioned cell lines with spleen-derived mononuclear cells
In vivo: CT-26 cells subcutaneously injected in BALB/c mice. | In vitro and ex vivo: efficient transfection, induction of immune cells activation.
In vivo: Accumulation in tumor tissue, efficient cells transfection, and induction of immune response leading to tumor growth suppression. | [64] |
|
| RRHPC/PF33/pDNA | 127 nm | –23 mV | Active targeting against CD44 and integrin αvβ3 | TRAIL pDNA | Intraperitoneal | In vitro: SW480 tumor cell line
In vivo: SW480 cell intraperitoneally injected in BALB/c female nude mice. | In vitro: Efficient targeting, transfection and apoptosis induction of tumor cell lines.
In vivo: reduced tumor weight and reduced number of tumor nodules. | [65] |
|
| MSNs-anti-miR-155-PDA-AS1411 | 170 nm | –15 mN | EPR
Anti-nuclein aptamer | Anti-miR 155 ONT | IV | In vitro: SW480, HT-29, SW-620, LoVo and Caco-2 cell lines.
In vitro: BALB/c nude mice subcutaneously injected with SW480 cells | In vitro: aptamer-dependent uptake and anti-miR155 ONT -dependent toxicity, inhibition of colony formation
In vivo: tumor targeting and growth inhibition; synergistic effect with 5-FU | [66] |
|
| miRNA-139-NPs | 50–200 nm | — | EPR | miRNA-139 | IV | In vitro: HCT-116 and LoVo cell lines.
In vivo: HCT-116 subcutaneously injected in nude BALB/c mice; HCT-116 tumours implanted in nude mice colon | In vitro: miRNA-139 dependent toxicity
In vivo: decrease in tumor growth and metastasis; increase in survival | [67] |
|
| SP-OA-CS | 143 nm | –33 mV | EPR
Mannose rec. targeting Hyaluronan rec. targeting | miR-20 | IV | In vitro: LSECs isolated from Balb/c mice activated with tumor conditioned medium
In vivo: C26 CRC cell administered by intra-splenic injection to produce CRC liver metastasis. | In vitro: efficient LSECs transfection, reduced expression of target proteins regulated by miR-20, reduced LSECs migration.
In vivo:efficient LSEC targeting, reduced number of metastatic foci and reduced LSECs infiltration. | [68] |
|
| pRLN/pPD-L1 trap LCPs | 186 nm | –6.8 mV | Active targeting against Sig-1R | pRLNpPD-L1 trap | IV | In vitro: CT26-F3 cell cultures.
In vivo: CT26-F3 intrasplenically injected in male or female BALB/c and C57/BL6 mice | In vitro: efficient targeting and transfection.
In vivo: Efficient targeting, transfection and modulation of the metastasis microenvironment towards a pro-inflammatory anticancer phenotype. Synergistic action with checkpoint inhibition. Decreased tumor growth and increased survival. | [69] |
|
| Gly@Cy7-Si-DOX NPs | 80–120 nm | –30 mV to –80 mV | EPR | Cy7
DOX | IV | In vitro: bone marrow and HT29 cell cultures.
In vivo: HT-29 cells subcutaneously injected in BALB/c athymic nude mice. | In vitro: NIR and pH dependent cytotoxicity.
In vivo: tumor accumulation, NIR dependent therapeutic effect, tumor destruction, and improved survival | [70] |
|
| UCNPs-Ce6-R837 | 80 nm | –13 mV | EPR (tissue retention) | R837
Ce6 PDT-photosensitizers | Intratumoural | In vitro: CT26 cell lines alone on in trans-well co-culture with DCs.
In vivo: CT26 subcutaneous implantation in BALB/c female mice | In vitro: NIR-dependent cell toxicity and DC activation
In vivo: NIR-dependent primary tumor ablation, increased distal tumours reduction, and antitumor immune memory development | [71] |
| HMRu@RBT–SS–Fc | 150 nm | +15 mV | EPR
Active targeting against CEA and CD16 | RBT | IV | In vitro: CT26, Caco-2, SW480, HCT116, CT-26 transfected with CEA cell lines and spheroids.
In vivo: CT-26 cells transfected with CEA subcutaneously injected in BALB/c female mice | In vitro: Efficient active targeting and endocytosis by CEA expressing cells, uptake and photothermal dependent cytotoxicity
In vivo: efficient tumor targeting and killing upon photothermal treatment; elicitation of immune reaction against secondary nonirradiated tumor. | [71] |
|
| Ox Pt-bp/chol-DHA | 70–100 nm | –21 to –13 mV | EPR | OxPtDHA | Intraperitoneal | In vitro: CT26 and MC38 cell cultures
In vivo: SD/CD rats, CT26 subcutaneously injected in BALB/c mice and MC38 subcutaneously injected in C57Bl/6 mice | In vitro: Dose-dependent cell death, induction of apoptosis and release of DAMPs.
In vivo: RES avoidance, tumor growth inhibition (especially with PD-L1) blockade and acquisition of antigen-specific immune memory. | [72] |
|
| EGFR-CPIG | 80–100 nm | 40 mV | EPR
Active targeting against EGFR | Porphyrin (PDT)
IRDye800CW (MFI)
DOTA-Gd (MRI) | IV | In vitro: CT26 tumor cell lines.
In vivo: CT26 tumor cells subcutaneously injected in BALB/c male mice. | In vitro: laser intensity and irradiation time-dependent toxicity.
In vivo: tumor growth suppression and eradication, immune cells activation after PDT treatment. | [73] |
|
| TCL-PDA NPs | 245 nm | –24 mV | LNs tropism | TCL (providing tumor-associated antigens) | SC | In vitro: BMDCs cells isolated from C57BL/6 mice.
In vivo: MC38 cells subcutaneously administerd in C57BL/6 mice | In vitro: BMDCs activation, antigen presentation, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion.
In vivo: Adaptive immune antitumor response, antitumor immune memory development. Substantial quenching of tumor growth. | [81] |
| aMG1-PEG-HNPs | 50 nm ca. | — | EOR
Active targeting against MG1 | PTT
MRI | IV | In vitro: CC-531 cell cultures
In vivo: Surgical inoculation of tumours in the liver of Wistar rats | In vitro: MG1-dependent uptake, light-dependent cytotoxicity and increased MRI signal contrast.
In vivo: tumor accumulation and detection through MRI, PTT tumor ablation upon 800 nm laser irradiation | [82] |
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