Factors Associated with Initial Mode of Breast Cancer Detection among Black Women in the Women’s Circle of Health Study
Table 4
Age-adjusted associations of sociodemographic, reproductive characteristics and medical history with initial mode of breast cancer detection among Black women aged 40-75 years.
Clinical breast exam compared to screening mammogram
Self-detection compared to screening mammogram
Age-adjusted
Age-adjusted
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
Marital
Married or living as married
1.00 (Referent)
1.00 (Referent)
Unmarried
1.25 (0.70, 2.24)
1.27 (0.99, 1.63)
Education
High school/vocational/technical graduate or below
0.97 (0.5, 1.86)
1.10 (0.82, 1.46)
Some post-secondary education
0.93 (0.43, 2.01)
1.31 (0.95, 1.81)
College graduate or above
1.00 (Referent)
1.00 (Referent)
Annual household
<$70,000
1.37 (0.73, 2.58)
1.46 (1.12, 1.91)
≥$70,000
1.00 (Referent)
1.00 (Referent)
Primary health insurance at
Private
1.00 (Referent)
1.00 (Referent)
Medicaid
1.30 (0.52, 3.26)
1.14 (0.75, 1.74)
Medicare
1.47 (0.62, 3.49)
0.78 (0.51, 1.18)
Uninsured
1.14 (0.38, 3.37)
2.16 (1.44, 3.25)
Other
0.27 (0.04, 2.04)
0.76 (0.45, 1.27)
Menopausal Status
Premenopausal
2.68 (1.07, 6.71)
0.98 (0.66, 1.48)
Postmenopausal
1.00 (Referent)
1.00 (Referent)
Age at menarche (years)
<12
0.41 (0.17, 0.99)
0.90 (0.65, 1.25)
12-13
0.87 (0.45, 1.66)
0.90 (0.67, 1.22)
>13
1.00 (Referent)
1.00 (Referent)
Parity
Nulliparous
1.00 (Referent)
1.00 (Referent)
1-2 children
1.59 (0.59, 4.25)
0.88 (0.63, 1.24)
≥3 children
2.42 (0.88, 6.63)
1.10 (0.77, 1.59)
Age at first birth (years)
Nulliparous
1.00 (Referent)
1.00 (Referent)
<25
1.84 (0.69, 4.91)
1.06 (0.75, 1.48)
25-30
2.20 (0.75, 6.46)
0.93 (0.62, 1.41)
>30
1.59 (0.49, 5.19)
0.69 (0.44, 1.09)
History of breastfeeding
Nulliparous
1.00 (Referent)
1.00 (Referent)
No
2.29 (0.86, 6.08)
1.03 (0.73, 1.46)
Yes
1.54 (0.55, 4.28)
0.90 (0.63, 1.28)
History of oral contraceptive use
No
1.00 (Referent)
1.00 (Referent)
Yes
0.62 (0.34, 1.12)
0.89 (0.68, 1.17)
History of hormone therapy use
No
1.00 (Referent)
1.00 (Referent)
Yes
0.52 (0.21, 1.28)
0.65 (0.46, 0.92)
Family history of breast cancer
No
1.00 (Referent)
1.00 (Referent)
Yes
1.05 (0.51, 2.16)
0.96 (0.7, 1.31)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
<25.0
1.2 (0.52, 2.78)
1.56 (1.09, 2.22)
25.0-29.99
0.69 (0.31, 1.51)
0.79 (0.57, 1.09)
30.0-34.99
1.01 (0.48, 2.16)
0.72 (0.51, 1.02)
≥35.0
1.00 (Referent)
1.00 (Referent)
The unmarried category is composed of those who reported being single/never married, separated, divorced, or widowed. $70,000 is the median income among households in New Jersey and was used as the cut-point to dichotomize the income variable. The “other” insurance category includes forms of insurance reported by WCHS participants that did not fall into one of the four main categories above and included the following types of insurance coverage: school-provided, national government-provided [foreign country], spousal insurance, health center care, charity care, health savings account, and Veterans Affairs coverage.
