| | | Human | Bovine | Ref |
| | Protein | Predominantly whey and β- and κ-caseins with lower concentrations of α-casein | The major protein fractions consist of α-, β-, and κ-casein | [17, 18] |
| | Lipid | Cholesterol, palmitic and oleic acids, phospholipids, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (APGI-LC) | Triacylglycerols 98.3%, diacylglycerols 0.3%, monoacylglycerols 0.03%, free fatty acids 0.1%, phospholipids 0.8%, and sterols 0.3% | [19, 20] |
| | Carbohydrate | Mainly lactose (6–8 g/100 ml) but at least 30 oligosaccharides, all of which contain terminal Gal-(β 1,4)-Glc and range from 3–14 saccharide units per molecule | In addition to lactose (4–6 g/100 ml), oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids | [15, 19] |
| | Minerals | Calcium 25–35 mg/100 ml
Phosphorus 13–16 mg/100 ml
Sodium 15 mg/100 ml
Potassium 156 mg/100 ml | Calcium 120 mg/100 ml
Phosphorus 94 mg/100 ml
Sodium 43 mg/100 ml
Potassium 58 mg/100 ml | [20] |
| | Vitamins | Retinol 58 μg/100 ml
Vitamin E 0.34 mg/100 ml
Biotin 0.7 μg/100 ml
Riboflavin 0.03 mg/100 ml
Vitamin B6 0.01 mg/100 ml
Vitamin B12 trace | Retinol 19 μg/100 ml
Vitamin E 0.04 mg/100 ml
Biotin 3 μg/100 ml
Riboflavin 0.24 mg/100 ml
Vitamin B6 0.06 mg/100 ml
Vitamin B12 0.9 mg/100 ml | [15, 20] |
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