Immunotherapy: Newer Therapeutic Armamentarium against Cancer Stem Cells

Table 2

Off-target effect of CSC-targeting inhibitors on immune cells.

Inhibition of CSC pathways, function and markers	Off targeting effect on immune cells	Reference
β-catenin	Impairs polarization, differentiation, and maturation of T cells	[23, 24]
Notch receptor	Blocks cytotoxic T cells’ function and cytotoxin production	[19, 20]
WnT receptor	Inhibits CD8 positive T cell’s development	[23, 24]
Hedgehog receptor	Inhibits myeloid-derived suppressor cell function	[30]
ABCB complex	Inhibits transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) in antigen-presenting cells	[69]
ALDH	Inhibits regulatory T cells’ function	[52]
IL-6 receptor	Impairs central and naïve memory T cells’ proliferation, survival, and effector function	[59]
CD44	Impairs Th1 cell survival, memory, effector function, and IFNγ production	[60, 61]